Remote sensing monitoring on regional crop water productivity in the Haihe River Basin

Crop water productivity （CWP） agricultural development in water scarcity is one of the important indicators for sustainable area. There is serious conflict between water sup- ply and requirement in the Haihe River Basin. CWP of winter wheat and summer maize from 2003 to 2007 in the Haihe River Basin is estimated based on large-scale evapotranspiration （ET） and crop yield obtained by remote sensing technology. Spatial and temporal distribution of CWP of winter wheat and summer maize is investigated in this study. Results show that CWP of winter wheat in most parts of the study area varies from 1.02 kg/m3 to 1.53 kg/m3, and CWP of summer maize varies from 1.31 kg/m3 to 2.03 kg/m3. Multi-year averaged CWP of winter wheat and summer maize in the study area is about 1.19 kg/m3 and 1.59 kg/m3. CWP results show certain promotion potential to alleviate the water shortage in the Haihe River Basin. Correlation analysis of CWP, crop yield and ET shows that there is great potential for crop yield promotion without the growth in irrigation water. Large-scale CWP estimated by remote sensing technology in this study shows spatial distribution features, which could be used to real-time agricultural water resource management combined with crop yield and ET.     

黄土高原作物产量及水土流失地形分异模拟

De-farming slope farmland has been an effective measure in recent years for the improvement of the eco-environment and the mitigation of soil and water loss on the Loess Plateau. This paper, taking the Yangou Basin as a case study and using day-by-day mete- orological data of Yan'an station in 2005, simulated and analyzed the quantitative relation between crop yield, soil and water loss and topographic condition with the aid of WIN-YIELD software. Results show that: 1) topographic gradient has important influence on crop yield. The bigger gradient is, the lower the crop yield. Yields of sorghum and corn decrease by 15.44% and 14.32% respectively at 25° in comparison to the case of 0°. In addition, yields of soya, bean and potato decrease slightly by 5.26%, 4.67% and 3.84%, respectively. The in- fluences of topographic height and slope aspect on crop yield are slight. 2) Under the same topographic condition, different crops' runoff and soil loss show obvious disparity. Topographic gradient has important influence on soil and water loss. In general, the changing trend is that the soil and water loss aggregates with the increase of gradient, and the maximal amount occurs around 20°. The influence of topographic height is slight. Topographic aspect has a certain effect, and the fundamental characteristic is that values are higher at the aspect of south than north. 3) Topographic gradients of 5° and 15° are two important thresholds. The characteristic about soil and water loss with the variation of topographic gradients show that: the slope farmland with gradient less than 5° could remain unchanged, and the slope farm- land more than 15° should be de-farmed as early as possible.     

基于空间信息的烤烟种植适宜性 评价与轮作规划

基于遥感计算的气温和土壤水分及DEM计算的太阳辐射等地表参数代替站点观测数据,采用100m×100m栅格和适宜性评价指数对泸西县的烤烟种植适宜性进行评价,分析其空间分布规律。在此基础上,进行了烤烟的烟田轮作规划与核查监督。研究表明,泸西县的烤烟种植最适宜区的耕地利用率偏低,仅为28.1%,尚有2165ha的最适宜耕地有待开发利用。烤烟轮作率虽然逐年增长,最高也仅为63.7%,离95%的目标轮作率仍存在较大差距。适宜性评价时,利用遥感和DEM计算的地表参数代替观测站点的插值数据,能获得可靠的数据支持,弥补因观测站点缺失而导致的数据失真。基于空间信息的轮作规划与核查监督,可有效改善烤烟轮作率,提高烤烟的质量和产量。     

中国东北黑土地研究进展与展望

东北黑土区是世界四大片黑土区之一,它以高有机质和高肥力而著称,不仅是东北农业发展的基础,也是中国的粮仓,在保障国家粮食安全中具有举足轻重的地位。针对东北黑土自身的特色和面临的问题,首先描述了东北黑土地形成的条件及自然黑土的属性特征;其次阐述了黑土被开垦后农田化过程中土壤属性和肥力的演化情况,土壤有机质大幅度下降,土壤肥力降低,已严重影响到东北黑土地农业的可持续发展;在此基础上分析了黑土区耕作土壤不同保护途经及其对土壤肥力的影响机制;最后展望了未来黑土地理论研究的侧重点：应加大新技术、新方法和跨学科交叉理论的研究,培育更适合东北黑土地气候条件的高产优质作物品种,并结合目前黑土地保护的技术调控模式,优化作物种植模式,提升作物品质和产量,提高黑土区农业的综合生产力和竞争力、保证黑土区农业的永续利用。     

Can co-management emerge spontaneously? Collaborative management in Sri Lankan shrimp aquaculture

Shrimp aquaculture in northwestern Sri Lanka shows co-management like features. To understand the reasons behind co-management and to identify the mechanisms by which co-management is carried out, the paper examines shrimp aquaculture operations in three coastal communities using a case study approach. Water from an interconnected lagoon system is the key input for shrimp ponds, but it is also the potential source of shrimp disease outbreaks that threaten all shrimp farms. Farmers try to prevent the spread of disease by co-operating to adjust the timing of water intake and wastewater release. This is done through a zonal crop calendar system which is developed and implemented by a vertically integrated institutional structure with three levels: sub-zonal/community, zonal, and national. Partnerships, overall sharing of power and authority, and learning-by-doing are key features of this collaborative management system. The case shows that adaptive co-management can develop through collaborative problem-solving over time, even in the absence of legal arrangements.     

Ice-wedge casts and relict polygonal patterns in Scandinavia

Ice-wedge casts in Scandinavia frequently occur in three regions: (a) southwestern Jutland (outside the limit of the Weichselian glaciation); (b) southwestern Sweden; and (c) northernmost Norway. The latter two areas are both early deglaciated regions. Characteristics of casts in vertical sections are discussed with reference to the host and infilling material. Aerial photographs provide an effective tool for detecting relict ice-wedge polygons (crop marks, micromorphology). Experience from present-day permafrost regions with active ice-wedge formation helps to explain the palaeoclimatic significance of the relict polygons. Attempts to establish the ages of formation are discussed from a methodological point of view.     

GENEBANKS: A GLOBAL PAYOFF*

The number of crop genebanks, designed to conserve crop genetic resources and make them available to breeders, has risen dramatically in recent years. While few dispute the need to conserve crop germplasm to help boost and sustain agricultural productivity, the role of genebanks and their global distribution has become embroiled in controversy. Some suggest that genebanks are servicing mainly multinational seed companies and that industrial countries harbor the lion's share of crop germplasm collections. This article describes the importance of genebanks, analyzes their distribution and beneficiaries, and outlines how geographers can become more involved in the conservation and use of crop genetic resources.     

近地层臭氧对我国树木生产力和作物产量的影响:进展与展望

大气污染严重威胁了我国陆地生态系统的固碳能力,但随着减污降碳协同治理的快速推进,减缓大气污染将有利于提升陆地碳汇,并切实推动碳达峰碳中和目标的实现。为了更好地理解大气污染与生态系统固碳的关系,本文以主要空气污染物臭氧（O₃）为例,基于田间控制实验的整合分析、剂量响应关系及机理模型三种评估方法综述了近地层O₃污染对植被碳固定影响的最新进展。尽管不同作物种类以及品种、不同功能型木本植物对O₃的响应有着显著的差异,且各种方法的评估结果也不尽相同,但目前O₃浓度造成我国粮食作物减产、森林生产力降低已是不争的事实。持续升高的O₃浓度将严重威胁我国陆地生态系统的固碳能力。利用我国作物和树木的O₃剂量响应方程进行评估的结果表明,在CO₂减排和O₃污染协同治理下,预计2060年我国树木生物量和作物产量将比当前显著提高,增加陆地生态系统碳汇,助力碳中和目标。最后,对如何提高O₃污染环境下植物固碳能力也进行了展望。     

大气CO2浓度升高及气候变化对作物冠层光合影响的数值模拟

利用美国Licor-6200光合作用测定仪,对黄淮海地区代表性冬小麦品种鲁麦23号叶片光合作用速率进行了较为全面的测定,分别确定了冬小麦叶片光—光合作用响应曲线和CO₂—光合作用响应曲线,在此基础上,建立了叶片光合作用模式,并进而建立了一个具有瞬时时间尺度,空间积分为叶片尺度的冬小麦冠层模式,利用模式分别分析了大气中CO₂浓度升高和温度变化对冠层光合作用的不同影响,并在此基础上进一步进行了综合数值分析。单因子分析表明:晴天状况下,冠层光合速率随CO₂浓度升高而上升,当CO₂浓度由330×10^-6上升至660×10^-6时,冠层光合日总量可增加19.7%;冠层光合速率随辐射增加而增大,辐射量增加10.0%,冠层光合日总量可增加6.7%;冠层光合速率随温度升高而下降,温度升高1℃,冠层光合日总量减少2.9%。多因子综合数值分析表明:在辐射量较大的气候背景下,冠层光合日总量对温度和CO₂变化响应更加敏感。本文的实测数据为研究气候变化对中国农业影响提供了最基本的可靠模型参数,冠层光合模型为未来改进作物模型提供了理论基础。     

考虑水分胁迫后效应的作物水模型

水分胁迫具有后效应,前期水分胁迫可以影响作物后期叶面积和需水量的增减。以Jensen作物 水模型为基础,引入了水分胁迫后效应影响系数,对原模型进行了修正。修正后的模型可以将阶段水分胁迫与前期胁迫后效应对产量的影响加以区分,避免了原模型中可能产生的虚缺水现象,并可对作物(以玉米为例)前期水分胁迫处理后,后期需水量增加以及苗期胁迫处理可维持较高产量的原因进行合理解释。通过田间试验结果分析,改进后模型的模拟结果符合实际,并具有较好的精度。对模型存在的问题和不足也进行了探讨。