Eddy covariance‐based evapotranspiration for a subtropical wetland

The eddy covariance (EC) method was used in a 30‐month study to quantify evapotranspiration (ET) and vegetation coefficient (K_CW) for a wetland on a ranch in subtropical south Florida. To evaluate the errors in ET estimates, the EC‐based ET (ET_C‐EC) and the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Penman–Monteith (PM) based ET (ET_C‐PM) estimates (with literature crop coefficient, K_C) were compared with each other. The ET_C‐EC and FAO‐PM reference ET were used to develop K_CW. Regression models were developed to estimate K_CW using climatic and hydrologic variables. Annual and daily ET_C‐EC values were 1152 and 3.27 mm, respectively. The FAO‐PM model underestimated ET by 25% with ET_C‐EC being statistically higher than ET_C‐PM. The K_CW varied from 0.79 (December) to 1.06 (November). The mean K_CW for the dry (November–April) season (0.95) was much higher than values reported for wetlands in literature; whereas for the wet (May–October) season, K_CW (0.97) was closer to literature values. Higher than expected K_CW values during the dry season were due to higher temperature, lower humidity and perennial wetland vegetation. Regression analyses showed that factors affecting the K_CW were different during the dry (soil moisture, temperature and relative humidity) and wet (net radiation, inundation and wind speed) seasons. Separate regression models for the dry and wet seasons were developed. Evapotranspiration and K_CW from this study, one of the first for the agricultural wetlands in subtropical environment, will help improve the ET estimates for similar wetlands. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2013年黑龙江省主汛期降水异常特征及其对作物产量影响的分析

利用黑龙江省77 个气象台站1961—2013年6—8月逐日降水资料,采用降水集中度和集中期、统计回归等方法,分析了2013年黑龙江省主汛期降水异常的气候统计和时空分布特征,与1998年数据进行了对比分析,并探讨评估了其对粮食作物产量的影响。结果表明: 黑龙江省2013年主汛期雨日多、大范围连续强降水密集且早发,降水异常偏多,降水量为近53 年的最高极值;空间分布上不存在明显的经向或纬度变化规律,降水高值区主要分布在松嫩平原,沿江流域站点平均降水量略少;时间变化上呈少—多—少的分布,强降水集中期为7月上旬,也是主汛期内降水最多时段。2013年主汛期降水与1998年在时空分布上存在差异,降水量、持续时间均超过1998年,尤其表现在黑龙江流域,但1998年降水的局地性和突发性较强。采用FY 3A/MERSI卫星数据持续跟踪监测作物被淹没面积,以WOFOST模型模拟受淹前的平均单产,依据淹没时间超过7 d时作物无有效产量进行估算,2013年黑龙江省13个行政区因流域性洪涝灾害导致水稻和玉米总损失产量合计达3.97×109 kg。     

河北平原冬小麦播种面积收缩对农业水资源消耗的影响(英文)

This study firstly analyzed the shrinkage of winter wheat and the changes of cropping systems in the Hebei Plain from 1998 to 2010 based on the agricultural statistic data of 11 cities and meteorological data, including daily temperature, precipitation, water vapor, wind speed and minimum relative humidity data from 22 meteorological stations, and then calculated the water deficit and irrigation water resources required by different cropping systems, as well as the irrigation water resources conserved as a result of cropping system changes, using crop coefficient method and every ten-day effective precipitation estimation method. The results are as follows. 1) The sown areas of winter wheat in the 11 cities in the Hebei Plain all shrunk during the study period. The shrinkage rate was 16.07% and the total shrinkage area amounted to 49.62×104ha. The shrinkage was most serious in the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan metropolitan agglomerate, with a shrinkage rate of 47.23%. 2) The precipitation fill rate of winter wheat was only 20%–30%, while those of spring maize and summer maize both exceeded 50%. The irrigation water resources demanded by the winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system ranged from 400 mm to 530 mm, while those demanded by the spring maize single cropping system ranged only from 160 mm to 210 mm. 3) The water resources conserved as a result of the winter wheat sown area shrinkage during the study period were about 15.96×108m3/a, accounting for 27.85% of those provided for Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei by the first phase of the Mid-Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project.     

SRA1B情景下中国主要作物需水预测

分析气候变化下中国主要作物需水规律,有助于从粮食安全与水资源可持续利用角度应对气候变化。根据IPCC提供的SRA1B情景下大气环流模式MIROC3.2的输出,利用FAOPenman-Monteith公式计算参考作物腾发量;根据FAO作物系数、SAGE作物分布与柯本气候分类,得到计算单元的作物系数,根据参考作物腾发量与作物系数估算作物需水量;考虑需水与有效降水旬尺度的随机匹配,预测SRA1B情景下未来50年中国各地区主要作物的灌溉需水量。结果表明,参考作物腾发量总体上呈上升趋势,全国平均增加约8%;作物需水量总体上呈增加趋势,东北地区平均增加约10%;灌溉需水量总体上呈增加趋势,东北与华南增加显著。分析表明,SRA1B情景下气温升高是作物需水量增加的主要原因,降水的增加使华北地区灌溉需水量的增加不显著,降水的减少使东北与华南灌溉需水量显著增加。     

华北平原7种人工牧草不同气候条件下的耗水规律

本文主要目的是研究华北平原不同气候条件下7种人工牧草的耗水规律。试验于2005-2009年在中国科学院禹城综合试验站进行,牧草品种有一年生牧草黑麦（Secale cereale L.）、小黑麦（× Triticosecale Wittmack）、高丹草（Sorghum biolor × Sorghum Sudanense c.v.）、青饲玉米（Zea mays L.）和籽粒苋（Amaranthus paniculatus L.）,多年生牧草苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.） 和串叶松香草（Silphium perfoliatum L.）。结果显示,苜蓿的Kc值为1.08,其他牧草在0.79-0.94。不同气候条件下的Kc值大小规律为,越年生牧草：湿润〉干旱〉平常;一年生牧草：干旱〉平常〉湿润;多年生牧草：平常〉干旱〉湿润。本文建议青饲玉米和高丹草为夏季播牧草的优选牧草,籽粒苋对气候变化最敏感,干旱和平常季节会减产一半以上。黑麦和小黑麦蒸是冬闲田种植的优选牧草,小黑麦因为耗水量较小,优于黑麦。苜蓿在干旱季节的表现优于串叶松香草,但当降雨达592.9mm以上反而会引起减产。该研究的结果能为牧草在华北平原的种植布局提供科学依据。     

DISTRIBUTION OF THE MAIN CROP GERMPLASM RESOURCES IN CHINA

Cropgermplasmresourcesaretheindispensablematerialbaseforcropbreedingandagriculturalproduction.Theresearchondistributionofcropgermplasmr~urcesisofgreatimportanceinstudyingonorigin,evolutionandclassificationofcrops,expeditingandcollectinggermplasm,ascertainingofcentersofdiversity,protectinggermplasmr~urcesandmakingagriculturalproductiondivision.Since1949,researchesofexploration,collection,preservation,cha-racterizationandevaluationofcropgermplasmresourceshavebeendoneinChina.Atpresent,thenational…     

3，5-二溴水杨醛缩甘氨酸的合成及荧光法测定粮食中微量锌

合成了新型席夫碱试剂3，5-二溴水杨醛缩甘氨酸（DBSAGLY），建立该试剂荧光度法测定微量Zn（Ⅱ）的新体系，在pH＝7.0～8.0时Zn(Ⅱ)与DBSAGLY形成1∶1的络合物，络合物最大激发和发射波长分别为λ     

An evaluation of the universal soil loss equation and field techniques for assessing soil erosion on a tropical alfisol in western Nigeria

Four techniques for soil erosion assessment were compared over two consecutive seasons for bare-fallow plots and a maize-cowpea sequence in 1985 at IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. The techniques used were: tracer (aluminium paint), nails (16 and 25), the rill method, and the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). Soil loss estimated by these techniques was compared with that determined using the runoff plot technique. There was significantly more soil loss (P < 0·01) in bare-fallow than in plots under maize (Zea mays) or cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). In the first season, soil loss from plots sown to maize was 40·2 Mg ha^?1 compared with 153·3 Mg ha^?1 from bare-fallow plots. In the second season, bare-fallow plots lost 87·5 Mg ha^?1 against 39·4 Mg ha^?1 lost from plots growing cowpea. The techniques used for assessing erosion had no influence on the magnitude of soil erosion and did not interfere with the processes of erosion. There was no significant difference (P < 0·05) between soil erosion determined by the nails and the runoff plot technique. Soil loss determined on six plots (three under maize, three bare-fallow) by the rill technique, at the end of the season, was significantly lower (P < 0·05) than that determined by the runoff plot technique. The soil loss estimated by the rill method was 143·2, 108·8 and 121·9 Mg ha^?1 for 11, 11, and 8 per cent slopes respectively, in comparison with 201·5, 162·0, and 166·4 Mg ha^?1 measured by the runoff plot method. Soil loss measured on three bare-fallow plots on 10 different dates by the rill technique was also significantly lower (P < 0·01) than that measured by the runoff plot. In the first season the USLE significantly underestimated soil loss. On 11, 11, and 8 per cent slopes, respectively, soil loss determined by the USLE was 77, 92, and 63 per cent of that measured by the runoff plot. However, in the second season there was no significant difference between soil loss determined by the USLE and that determined by the conventional runoff plot technique.     

SPATIAL CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF CROP YIELD IN THE MIDDLE AND WEST OF JILIN PROVINCE

In this paper,spatial correlation of crop yield in the middle and west of Jilin province is analyzed by us-ing the method of geostatistics swmivarivogram,taking the NDVI of NOAA/AVHRR spectrum data as the regionalized vari-able,aiming to provide theory and practical basis for field sampling of crop yield estimation using remote sensing.The ratio of nugget variance and sill of semivariograms are 21.1% and9.7% in the west and middle regions in Jilin Province respectively.This shows that the crop yields are spatially correlated.The degree and range of correlation are far different in the different situations.In the west test region,the range is 49.9km and the sill is 0.00019 .In the middle test re-gion,the range is 16.5km and the sill is 0.00453.The dissimilarity in the western test region is larger than that in the middle one.The range in which the correlation existed of the former is far larger than the later.Different characteristics of spatial correlation of crop yield are decided by the environmental factors.Samples for crop yield estimation should be extracted according to the characteristic of spatial distribution of crop yield to promote the efficiency of sampling.     

福建龙海市土壤与稻米铅地球化学特征分析

中国南方红壤区铅的分布特征、运移规律及生物效应尚不明确。本文以福建龙海市土壤和稻米为研究对象,系统分析了土壤铅的分布特征、形态组成、生物富集能力及影响机理,总结了铅在母岩-土壤-稻米迁移过程的富集分配规律。结果表明,龙海市中部区域表层土壤的铅含量高,其余区域较低,92.5%样点值在10~90 mg/kg,对应p H为4.0~7.5,强酸性和碱性土壤铅含量略低;稻米铅(0.018~0.398 mg/kg)超标率仅4.1%,对土壤铅的富集能力较弱(富集系数0.23%±0.16%),所以研究区土壤铅超标时稻米不一定超标。影响土壤铅的主要因素是成土母岩和土壤类型,不同成土母岩区的土壤铅含量规律为:第四纪海积物第四纪残坡积物花岗岩和酸性火山岩佛昙组基性玄武岩,不同土壤类型的铅含量规律为:潮土滨海盐土水稻土红壤赤红壤滨海风沙土。土壤铅有效态(离子交换态、水溶态)仅占铅全量的4.95%,强有机态和残渣态等其余形态合计占94.99%,说明土壤铅主要以稳定态存在,难于被植物吸收,进一步为合理解释"土壤铅超标而稻米不超标"这一现象提供了调查依据。研究还表明,稻米铅与表层土壤铅之间无明显相关性,保持土壤p H值在弱酸性至弱碱性范围可降低土壤铅活性。