地图数字化位置误差的协方差函数

针对数字化地图的精度 ,利用平稳随机过程的理论来估计位置数据的不确定性 ,提出了一套计算方法 ,主要内容包括运用平稳随机过程的各态历经性 ,对任意点坐标的X、Y按距离拟合求定其协方差 ,其特点是应用了统计估计原理 ,使得到的结果更为合理和简便。     

Correcting method of eddy covariance fluxes over non-flat surfaces and its application in ChinaFLUX

Although Eddy Covariance (EC) technique is one of the best methods for estimating the energy and mass exchanges between underlying surface and atmosphere in micrometeorology, errors and uncertainties still exist without necessary corrections. In this paper, we will focus on the effect of coordinate system on the eddy fluxes. Based on the data observed over four sites (one farmland site, one grassland site and two forest sites), the effects of three coordinate system transforming methods (Double Rotation-DR, Triple Rotation-TR and Planar Fit-PF)on the turbulent fluxes are analyzed. It shows that (i) the corrected fluxes are more or less than the uncorrected fluxes, which is related mainly to the sloping degree of surface, wind speed and wind direction; and (ii) pitch angle has a sinusoidal dependence on wind direction, especially in the regular sloping terrain; and (iii) PF method is something like the simplification of TR or DR,and there are not obvious distinctions in correction in sloping grassland and flat farmland, but PF method is not suitable for uneven and irregular forest sites.     

Establishment of apparent quantum yield and maximum ecosystem assimilation on Tibetan Plateau alpine meadow ecosystem

The alpine meadow is widely distributed on the Tibetan Plateau with an area of about 1.2×106kn2. Damxung County, located in the hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau, is the place covered with this typical vegetation. An open-path eddy covariance system was set up in Damxung rangeland station to measure the carbon flux of alpine meadow from July to October,2003. The continuous carbon flux data were used to analyze the relationship between net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), as well as the seasonal patterns of apparent quantum yield (α) and maximum ecosystem assimilation (Pmax).Results showed that the daytime NEE fitted fairly well with the PAR in a rectangular hyperbola function, with α declining in the order of peak growth period (0.0244 μmolCO2 · μmol-1pAR) ＞early growth period ＞ seed maturing period ＞ withering period (0.0098 μmolCO2 · μmol-1pAR).The Pmax did not change greatly during the first three periods, with an average of 0.433mgCO2· m-2· s-1, i.e. 9.829 μmolCO2· m-2· s-1. However, during the withering period, Pmax was only 0.35 mgCO2 · m-2 · s-1, i.e. 7.945 μmolCO2 · m-2 · s-1. Compared with other grassland ecosystems, the α of the Tibetan Plateau alpine meadow ecosystem was much lower.     

A new approach to estimate canopy evaporation and canopy interception capacity from evapotranspiration and sap flow measurements during and following wetting

Canopy interception and its evaporation into the atmosphere during irrigation or a rainfall event are important in irrigation scheduling, but are challenging to estimate using conventional methods. This study introduces a new approach to estimate the canopy interception from measurements of actual total evapotranspiration (ET) using eddy covariance and estimation of the transpiration from measurements of sap flow. The measurements were conducted over a small‐scale sprinkler‐irrigated cotton field before, during and after sprinkler irrigation. Evaporation and sap flow dynamics during irrigation show that the total ET during irrigation increased significantly because of the evaporation of free intercepted water while transpiration was suppressed almost completely. The difference between actual ET and transpiration (sap flow) during and immediately following irrigation (post irrigation) represents the total canopy evaporation while the canopy interception capacity was calculated as the difference between actual ET and transpiration (sap flow) during drying (post irrigation) following cessation of the irrigation. The canopy evaporation of cotton canopy was calculated as 0.8 mm, and the interception capacity was estimated to be 0.31 mm of water. The measurement uncertainty in both the non‐dimensional ET and non‐dimensional sap flow was shown to be very low. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于方差递推法的Kalman滤波在钟差预报中的应用

卫星导航系统中星载原子钟的钟差预报对于导航、定位及授时具有重要的作用。为了提高卫星钟差预报的精度,设计了一种两步确定卫星钟噪声协方差矩阵的Kalman滤波钟差预报模型。该方法首先基于Hadamard总方差确定卫星钟噪声协方差矩阵的初值,然后,使用方差递推法得到滤波过程中卫星钟的噪声协方差矩阵。使用GPS系统的星载铷钟数据进行短期预报,并与常用的二次多项式模型、灰色模型进行对比,结果表明:本文中提出的方法可以实现高精度的卫星钟差预报且预报效果优于两种常用模型,同时,该方法能够在一定程度上弥补预报误差随预报时间增加而不断变大的不足。     

变分同化框架通过背景误差协方差构建动力平衡约束的研究进展

通过背景误差协方差构建动力平衡约束是变分同化框架设计的重要环节。它不仅帮助实现变量间的协同分析,提高观测使用效率,还能改善变分极小化问题的性状。本文在系统梳理通过背景误差协方差引入动力平衡约束的方式、流程的基础上,对求解目前全球和有限区域变分同化系统普遍采用的准地转平衡和静力平衡约束的共性问题和存在的不足作了归纳总结。分析了求解准地转平衡约束的三类方案:动力平衡方程方案、统计方案和动力-统计相结合方案的优缺点。对照比较了不同垂直离散方案下求解静力平衡约束时遇到的欠定问题的表现以及解决途径。最后,展望了基于背景误差协方差构建动力平衡约束在赤道等特殊地区、高分辨率同化系统、以及集合-变分混合同化系统发展中面临的挑战和机遇。     

兴蒙造山带—华北克拉通地球化学走廊带沉积物主成分的含量与空间分布研究

选取兴蒙造山带—华北克拉通地球化学走廊带上沉积物的SiO_2、Al_2O_3、CaO、MgO、Na_2O、K_2O、TFe_2O_3、FeO、TiO_2、MnO、P_2O_5、CO_2、H_2O~+、pH十四个指标,研究其在不同二级构造单元、地理景观、土壤类型、降雨量等级下的含量与空间分布特征,并讨论该地球化学走廊带上化学蚀变指数。结果表明:在兴蒙造山带—华北克拉通地球化学走廊带上,作为沉积物主体的SiO_2、Al_2O_3两者含量为明显负相关而空间分布表现出此消彼长的特征;CaO、MgO、CO_2高含量分布区则与碳酸盐岩地层或含碳酸盐矿物的土壤有关,而MgO的高含量还与走廊带上镁铁质基性-超基性岩有一定关系,表明了这三个指标的高含量受特定岩性或矿物的影响较大;Na_2O、K_2O含量除了受继承的基岩影响外,还受到后期的风化作用和气候及自身地球化学性质等复杂因素综合影响,对Na_2O来说尤为如此;TFe_2O_3、MnO、TiO_2、P_2O_5相对于在地质背景复杂地段,经过冲积平原的沉积物混匀后,含量差异更小;相对干冷的内蒙古半干旱草原的气候条件有利于FeO存在,使得其相对燕山地区含量差异较TFe_2O_3要小,在章丘以南相对温暖湿润地区更易被氧化而导致其含量整体较低;北方干冷气候条件下,沉积物H_2O~+含量普遍较低,局部高含量位于碳酸盐岩地层或第四系分布区;走廊带上的pH值反映了沉积物偏碱性的特征,而在章丘以南的地区随着降雨量的增加,相对温暖湿润的气候条件,沉积物pH值表现为中性-偏弱酸性;兴蒙造山带—华北克拉通地球化学走廊带沉积物的CIA值反映出在寒冷、干燥气候条件下低等的化学风化程度,兴蒙造山带沉积物平均风化程度相对华北克拉通沉积物的平均风化程度差异变化相对要小,显示兴蒙造山带的降雨量与温度等风化影响因素变化较小。作为反映元素的地球化学亲和性的量化指标,离子电位可以更好地帮助理解沉积物元素的含量和空间分布差异。     

重度石漠化区不同土地利用方式下土壤养分特征

本文以云南省蒙自市西北勒乡碧色寨村石漠化土地为研究对象,基于主成分分析法（PCA）研究岩溶石漠化区不同土地利用方式下的土壤养分特征。结果表明:（1）研究区土壤各养分指标变异系数介于0.14~1.76,不同土地利用方式下,土壤养分状况有较大差异;（2）研究区土壤12项养分指标可归结为3个主成分,所提供的信息占全部信息的90.69%,其中PC1主要包含了全磷、有效磷、速效钾和有效锰,PC2主要综合了有机碳、全氮、全钙和有效锌,有效铁对PC3具有较大的贡献。（3）对不同用地类型土壤养分的主成分得分进行排序,由大到小依次为火龙果地>林地>封育草地>玉米地,表明植树造林及火龙果种植等方式能有效改善石漠化区的土壤养分状况。建议对样区的石漠化治理应以封山育土为前提,以生态恢复为目的,通过种植火龙果与修复林地改善样区土壤状况,逐步形成生态环境与社会经济协调发展的石漠化综合治理体系。      

长江下游江段铜鱼肌肉营养成分分析

对采自长江下游江段的铜鱼(Coreius heterodom)肌肉营养成分进行了测定和分析。结果表明,铜鱼肌肉水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗灰分占鲜样的比例分别为:70.03%、20.54%、6.82%和1.38%;按照氨基酸评分(Amino Acid Score,AAS)和化学评分(Chemical Score,CS)标准,铜鱼限制性氨基酸为缬氨酸和异亮氨酸,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为81.52;不饱和脂肪酸和ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量分别为63.03%和2.0%;肌肉中常、微量元素含量最高分别为钾(3135μg/g)和铁(5.46μg/g),锌铜比和锌铁比分别为8.85和0.65。     

湛江海区8种常见海藻营养成分分析

对采自湛江沿海的8种常见海藻的营养成分进行分析。结果显示:碳水化合物是构成这8种藻体的主要成分,占藻体干重的48.22%～69.16%。蛋白质占2.81%～15.44%,平均为9.25%,且蛋白质中氨基酸含量高,平均16.01%,氨基酸组成中天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、缬氨酸和亮氨酸含量多;绿藻门种类无论是蛋白质还是氨基酸含量都高于红藻门和褐藻门的种类,4种绿藻的氨基酸评分最高。粗脂肪占0.15%～1.17%,平均0.56%。粗纤维的平均含量近似于碳水化合物的一半。根据蛋白质和粗脂肪的比例,叉枝藻Cymogongrus flabelliformis和盾叶蕨藻Caulerpa racemosa var.peltata均可作为高蛋白、低脂肪的良好食物来源。矿物质中铁、锌含量丰富,介于0.311～1.722mg/g间,铜、砷和镍含量超标。