WAAS电离层网格改正算法在中国地区部分站点的试算精度

利用我国及周边地区18个GPS台站、2000年1月、2月的观测数据，考察了FAA WAAS电离层折射误差网格修正算法在中国地区部分站点的精度。结果表明，该算法对于中高纬度的用户站精度较高，误差较小；在地磁纬度较低的地区精度明显下降，误差较为显著。在电离层暴期间，部分用户站的修正精度大量降低，此外，白天、傍晚时段电离层网格改正算法的修正精度较低，而凌晨、夜间的精度相对较高。     

Tag retention and survival of fish tagged in controlled pond experiments

Fish survival, tag retention and tag loss were evaluated in pond experiments and described by linear regression equations. Tagging of fish had no significant influence on their survival. However, loss of tags caused strong differences between actual fish survival and the survival rate e^–z estimated on recovered tags. Mathematical functions were derived to correct tag loss. Values of those functions depend upon the type of tag and time after tagging. The B-type of tagging, which approximated the Swedish Carlin method, appeared to be most effective. The rate of tag loss was independent of the fish species (common carp, tench) used in the experiments.     

Station corrections for the Kaapvaal seismic network: Statistical properties and relation to lithospheric structure

Station corrections for body wave travel times are required to compensate for lateral variations in the crust and uppermost mantle in the analysis of seismic travel times that are used to determine deep Earth structure by various methods, including tomography. Station corrections to be applied to P wave arrival times from teleseismic earthquakes recorded by the Kaapvaal seismic network were estimated by five different methods: (1) averaging, (2) computing the median, and (3) weighted averaging of residuals; (4) least-squares regression, and (5) weighted least-squares regression. The corrections display variations that are related to the tectonic features of southern Africa inferred from surface geology, clearly delineating the southern and central areas of both the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe cratons as regions of early arrivals, and the area around the Bushveld complex by later arrivals. Use of a simple ray method for generating synthetic station corrections suggests that lateral variations in the top 230 km of the Earth can explain the observed pattern of variations in station corrections. A satisfactory way of compensating for the biasing effects of outliers in the individual estimates of station corrections is through adaptation of a method originally developed by Jeffreys, which involves ascribing weights to the observations that reduce the standard deviation on a single estimate of a station correction from 0.123 to 0.096 s. Methods (2), (3) and (5) avoid serious bias by outliers, although methods (3) and (5) are preferred, because they also provide information on the causes of outliers. The presence of some outliers cannot be explained by errors in the measurement process, but must be caused by timing errors at the stations during recording, and/or errors introduced during the process of constructing the archived data files from the field data.     

形变观测中小数据集PSInSAR的误差分析与初步应用

PS InSAR技术在微小形变的监测中有着独特的优势, 但同时受到数据量的严重制约。 本文以形变速率稳定的怀来县城为实验区, 利用15景ASAR数据, 依据主影像选择和高程改正选取了三种略有差异的模型分别进行PS处理, 并对形变提取中的相位解缠、 基线改正和高程改正进行误差分析。 结果表明, 小数据集的相位解缠和高程改正在部分PS点上容易发生错误, 但形变估计整体上能够正确反映实际情况。 三个模型中MS(Multi-Reference Single Regression) 模型得出结果最为可靠。 小数据集解算的整体PS点质量不高, 可以在满足PS点密度要求的前提下, 降低相位标准偏差阈值以提高解算的可靠性。     

BDS+GPS手持机支持下的网格伪距差分定位

我国各省CORS站建设逐步完善,以及我国BDS卫星导航系统在亚太区域提供服务,促进了BDS+GPS双模融合伪距差分定位的研究和发展。目前,在PC机上伪距差分定位早已实现,且算法也已经比较成熟,但在移动终端上进行BDS+GPS双模融合伪距差分定位向用户提供服务方面还比较薄弱,针对这一问题,本文提出了将网格伪距差分定位算法嵌入到手持机,并且实现了手持机实时网格伪距差分定位。本文阐述了方法原理并进行了车载试验分析,结果表明,在与TBC软件动态解算结果作为已知准确值的外符合精度方面,手持机BDS+GPS双模融合网格伪距差分定位结果的水平精度为0.522 1 m,在水平方向上可以达到亚米级定位精度。     

Ellipsoidal corrections to order e 2 of geopotential coefficients and Stokes’ formula

Assuming that the gravity anomaly and disturbing potential are given on a reference ellipsoid, the result of Sjöberg (1988, Bull Geod 62:93–101) is applied to derive the potential coefficients on the bounding sphere of the ellipsoid to order e ² (i.e. the square of the eccentricity of the ellipsoid). By adding the potential coefficients and continuing the potential downward to the reference ellipsoid, the spherical Stokes formula and its ellipsoidal correction are obtained. The correction is presented in terms of an integral over the unit sphere with the spherical approximation of geoidal height as the argument and only three well-known kernel functions, namely those of Stokes, Vening-Meinesz and the inverse Stokes, lending the correction to practical computations. Finally, the ellipsoidal correction is presented also in terms of spherical harmonic functions. The frequently applied and sometimes questioned approximation of the constant m, a convenient abbreviation in normal gravity field representations, by e ²/2, as introduced by Moritz, is also discussed. It is concluded that this approximation does not significantly affect the ellipsoidal corrections to potential coefficients and Stokes formula. However, whether this standard approach to correct the gravity anomaly agrees with the pure ellipsoidal solution to Stokes formula is still an open question.     

The analytical continuation bias in geoid determination using potential coefficients and terrestrial gravity data

One important application of an Earth Gravity Model (EGM) is to determine the geoid. Since an EGM is represented by an external-type series of spherical harmonics, a biased geoid model is obtained when the EGM is applied inside the masses in continental regions. In order to convert the downward-continued height anomaly to the corresponding geoid undulation, a correction has to be applied for the analytical continuation bias of the geoid height. This technique is here called the geoid bias method. A correction for the geoid bias can also be utilised when an EGM is combined with terrestrial gravity data, using the combined approach to topographic corrections. The geoid bias can be computed either by a strict integral formula, or by means of one or more terms in a binomial expansion. The accuracy of the lowest binomial terms is studied numerically. It is concluded that the first term (of power H²) can be used with high accuracy up to degree 360 everywhere on Earth. If very high mountains are disregarded, then the use of the H² term can be extended up to maximum degrees as high as 1800. It is also shown that the geoid bias method is practically equal to the technique applied by Rapp, which utilises the quasigeoid-to-geoid separation. Another objective is to carefully consider how the combined approach to topographic corrections should be interpreted. This includes investigations of how the above-mentioned H² term should be computed, as well as how it can be improved by a correction for the residual geoid bias. It is concluded that the computation of the combined topographic effect is efficient in the case that the residual geoid bias can be neglected, since the computation of the latter is very time consuming. It is nevertheless important to be able to compute the residual bias for individual stations. For reasonable maximum degrees, this can be used to check the quality of the H² approximation in different situations.Acknowledgement The author would like to thank Prof. L.E. Sjöberg for several ideas and for reading two draft versions of the paper. His support and constructive remarks have improved its quality considerably. The valuable suggestions from three unknown reviewers are also appreciated.     

An analysis of P-wave amplitudes recorded by seismological stations in the USSR

Summary. Short period P -wave amplitudes at Soviet seismic stations are analysed to determine an amplitude–distance curve in the range 0°–180° from the USSR. Station amplitude terms, corrected for crustal amplification effects, are determined from seismic sources located between 30° and 90°. A relationship between these station terms and regional P_n wave speed and regional heat flow is determined and is found to be in close agreement with similar observations in North America. Station amplitude terms were found to be reasonably uniform across the continental portion of the USSR but the Baikal Rift valley is characterized by very low P -wave amplitudes and is the most significant feature discemible from the P -wave amplitude terms.     

Processing of strong-motion accelerograms: needs, options and consequences

Recordings from strong-motion accelerographs are of fundamental importance in earthquake engineering, forming the basis for all characterizations of ground shaking employed for seismic design. The recordings, particularly those from analog instruments, invariably contain noise that can mask and distort the ground-motion signal at both high and low frequencies. For any application of recorded accelerograms in engineering seismology or earthquake engineering, it is important to identify the presence of this noise in the digitized time-history and its influence on the parameters that are to be derived from the records. If the parameters of interest are affected by noise then appropriate processing needs to be applied to the records, although it must be accepted from the outset that it is generally not possible to recover the actual ground motion over a wide range of frequencies. There are many schemes available for processing strong-motion data and it is important to be aware of the merits and pitfalls associated with each option. Equally important is to appreciate the effects of the procedures on the records in order to avoid errors in the interpretation and use of the results. Options for processing strong-motion accelerograms are presented, discussed and evaluated from the perspective of engineering application.     

利用地球化学测井-密度测井建立的孔隙度解释模型及其校正分析

地球化学测井能给出二十余种元素的含量,根据矿物组合模型、元素含量与矿物的转换关系可以得到岩石的矿物种类及其百分含量,然后得出比较准确的岩石骨架密度。由骨架密度、体积密度、流体密度联合建立孔隙度解释模型。由于骨架密度和体积密度均是动态变量,且都包含有碎屑、杂基、胶结物组分,模型中参数的地质含义和应用条件相互统一,从而使得计算的孔隙度值更加准确。