固体—液体层分界面处的P、SV型面波

针对半无限弹性固体—液体层分界面处 Ｐ、 Ｓ Ｖ 型面波不同的数学表达进行了分析研究,认为在有些著作中将它们统称为瑞利波是不够严密的,指出瑞利波和斯通利波是固体—液体层分界面处 Ｐ、 Ｓ Ｖ 型面波的两种极限情况。     

Improving rainfall–runoff modelling through the control of uncertainties under increasing climate variability in the Ouémé River basin (Benin,West Africa)

ABSTRACT

The objective of this paper is to understand how the natural dynamics of a time-varying catchment, i.e. the rainfall pattern, transforms the random component of rainfall and how this transformation influences the river discharge. To this end, this paper develops a rainfall–runoff modelling approach that aims to capture the multiple sources and types of uncertainty in a single framework. The main assumption is that hydrological systems are nonlinear dynamical systems which can be described by stochastic differential equations (SDE). The dynamics of the system is based on the least action principle (LAP) as derived from Noether’s theorem. The inflow process is considered as a sum of deterministic and random components. Using data from the Ouémé River basin (Benin, West Africa), the basic properties for the random component are considered and the triple relationship between the structure of the inflowing rainfall, the corresponding SDE that describes the river basin and the associated Fokker-Planck equations (FPE) is analysed.

EDITOR D. Koutsoyiannis; ASSOCIATE EDITOR D. Gerten     

Simulating the hydraulic characteristics of the lower Yellow River by the finite‐volume technique

The finite‐volume technique is used to solve the two‐dimensional shallow‐water equations on unstructured mesh consisting of quadrilateral elements. In this paper the algorithm of the finite‐volume method is discussed in detail and particular attention is paid to accurately representing the complex irregular computational domain. The lower Yellow River reach from Huayuankou to Jiahetan is a typical meandering river. The generation of the computational mesh, which is used to simulate the flood, is affected by the distribution of water works in the river channel. The spatial information about the two Yellow River levee, the protecting dykes, and those roads that are obviously higher than the ground, need to be used to generate the computational mesh. As a result these dykes and roads locate the element interfaces of the computational mesh. In the model the finite‐volume method is used to solve the shallow‐wave equations, and the Osher scheme of the empirical function is used to calculate the flux through the interface between the neighbouring elements. The finite‐volume method has the advantage of using computational domain with complex geometry, and the Osher scheme is a method based on characteristic theory and is a monotone upwind numerical scheme with high resolution. The flood event with peak discharge of 15 300 m³/s, occurring in the period from 30 July to 10 August 1982, is simulated. The estimated result indicates that the simulation method is good for routing the flood in a region with complex geometry. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Classical and quantum anisotropic wormholes in pure general relativity

In the homogeneous and isotropic Friedmann–Robertson–Walker minisuperspace model, it is known that there are no Euclidean wormhole solutions in the pure gravity system. Here it is demonstrated explicitly that in Taub cosmology, which is one of the simplest anisotropic cosmology models, wormhole solutions do exist in pure general relativity in both classical and quantum contexts. Indeed, it is realized that it is the nonvanishing momentum or the energy associated with the anisotropy change, that essentially renders the occurrence of both classical and quantum wormholes possible.     

A new ultrasonic interferometer for the determination of equation of state parameters of sub-millimeter single crystals

A new giga-Hertz ultrasonic interferometer has been developed, based on ultrasonic microscopy technology. The interferometer operates from 0.3 GHz to 1.5 GHz. The high frequency and associated small wavelengths together with the large bandwidth make it possible to measure travel times in samples with thicknesses of several microns and allow for unprecedented accuracy in bond corrections. An absolute accuracy of 1 part in 10⁵ in travel time measurements is achievable in single crystals (thickness of 200 microns) or glasses of interest to the earth sciences. The high precision travel time data, combining with sample length measurements using a laser interferometer built in our laboratory, yield very high precision ultrasonic velocities.The interferometer is intended for use in conjunction with a newly developed 4 GPa gas piston cylinder apparatus (Getting andSpetzler, 1993) for equation of state measurements under simultaneous pressure and temperature. A separate correction for the bond will be made for each datum at every point in temperature pressure space.     

基于波动方程预测和双曲Radon变换联合压制表面多次波

基于波动方程预测的表面多次波压制方法可处理复杂地下介质的地震资料,但计算成本较高.基于滤波的多次波压制方法计算效率较高,但其成功应用仅局限于一次波和多次波有明显时差差别的地震数据,对来自速度逆转等复杂介质数据则较难获得满意的压制效果.本文将波动方程预测的反馈迭代法和滤波法有效结合,采用GPU(图形处理器)和CPU协同并行加速计算粗略预测表面多次波,随后在双曲Radon域比较分析原始数据和预测的多次波,设计合理有效的Butterworth型自适应滤波器,滤出原始数据Radon域中的多次波能量,进行Radon反变换后,在时空域将多次波从原始数据中减去,得多次波压制结果.文中对理论模拟的单炮数据、复杂的SMAART模型以及实际地震数据进行了计算,结果表明,结合基于波动方程预测和双曲Radon变换的方法有效突破了两种方法各自的局限性,可高效高精度地压制复杂地下介质的表面多次波.     

基于改进的EAL边界条件的地震波场数值模拟

在地震波场数值模拟过程中, 人工截断边界会产生数值反射而影响地震波场模拟的精度.应用PML(Perfectly Matched Layer)吸收边界条件是消除人工边界反射的有效手段, 但是该方法计算量较大, 实现较为复杂, 且在某些各向异性介质中不稳定.EAL(Effective Absorbing Layer)边界条件是通过简化PML吸收边界条件的阻尼项推导出来的一种吸收边界条件.EAL的吸收项作用于波动方程的时间导数项, 故EAL边界条件具有计算量小且利于并行实现的特点.应用EAL边界条件能够在保证全波形反演和逆时偏移精度的前提下, 提升计算效率并降低内存消耗.本文对EAL边界条件进行两点改进: (1)引入减速阻尼项; (2)采用高斯型空间加权函数构建阻尼项.正演模拟结果表明, 改进的EAL边界条件在不增加计算量和内存消耗的同时, 有效提升了EAL边界条件的吸收效果且适用于复杂介质和各向异性介质.特别地, 相比于PML吸收边界条件, EAL边界条件在各向异性模型中表现出良好的稳定性.

     

利用地图与单影像进行建筑物三维重建的新途径

首先利用直接线性变换(DLT)、单影像空间后方交会确定影像方位元素的初值,然后利用影像上全部建 筑物的直线(特别是建筑物的铅垂线)来确定影像方位元素的精确值,以达到对多栋建筑物同时建模的目的。     

Chandler摆动的非线性分岔耗散

在已有的Ｃｈａｎｄｌｅｒ摆动非线性共振激发模型的基础上,引入微小的非线性项,得到不可忽略的非线性分岔解。实际上,Ｃｈａｎｄｌｅｒ摆动方程是可用线性阻尼非线性平面单摆来逼近的,由Ｄｕｆｆｉｎｇ方程可以求得方程的解。