A numerical study of the string function using a primitive equation ocean model

Abstract

We use results from a primitive-equation ocean numerical model (SCRUM) to test a theoretical 'string function' formulation put forward by Tyler and Käse in another article in this issue. The string function acts as a stream function for the large-scale potential energy flow under the combined beta and topographic effects. The model results verify that large-scale anomalies propagate along the string function contours with a speed correctly given by the cross-string gradient. For anomalies having a scale similar to the Rossby radius, material rates of change in the layer mass following the string velocity are balanced by material rates of change in relative vorticity following the flow velocity. It is shown that large-amplitude anomalies can be generated when wind stress is resonant with the string function configuration.     

潮汐数据支持的海岸带区域网平差

由于海部遥感影像的特殊性,使得传统摄影测量定位方法无法满足高精度的海岸带地理信息获取。提出利用潮汐数据转换计算的水边线高程数据值支持海岸带区域网平差,可以大幅度提高海岸带高程定位精度,在四角布设平高控制点条件下,可以提高海岸带高程精度74%。实验结果表示该方法可行,并得出一些有益结论。     

一种新的轮廓线三维地质表面重建方法

在三维地质建模中,由于地质剖面与医学CT有本质上的相似性,因此,轮廓线的三维表面重建技术有广泛的应用。目前,较为成熟的算法并没有考虑地质数据的特殊性,由于地质体形态复杂多变,地质剖面稀疏、数据来源多样等特点,将普适的算法应用到地质建模中,只是解决了重建曲面的合理性,并没有关注曲面的几何质量,导致曲面无法达到地质建模对于模型质量的要求。本文针对地质数据的特点,提出了一种新的轮廓线表面重构方法。在不改变轮廓线连接的合理性与正确性的情况下,通过生成过渡剖面轮廓线,克服传统方法生成曲面过于粗糙的缺点,以提高建模质量。在Creatar三维地质基础平台上,对多种情况的剖面数据实验结果表明,在数据稀疏的情况下达到了良好的建模效果。该方法的扩展模型满足了地质剖面轮廓线建模中复杂地质情况,以及交叉剖面数据的曲面重建,且算法复杂度低,实现简单,有较强的实用性。     

Assessment of uncertainty in environmental contours due to parametric uncertainty in models of the dependence structure between metocean variables

A key factor for computing environmental contours is the appropriate modeling of the dependence structure among the environmental variables. It is known that all the information on the dependence structure of a set of random variables is contained in the copulas that define their multivariate probability distribution. Provided that copula parameters are estimated by means of statistical inference using observations, recordings, numerical or historical data, uncertainty is unavoidably introduced in their estimates. Parametric uncertainty in the copulas parameters then introduces uncertainty in the environmental contours. This study deals with the assessment of uncertainty in environmental contours due to parametric uncertainty in the copula models that define the dependence structure of the environmental variables. A point estimation approach is adopted to estimate the statistics of the uncertain coordinates of the environmental contours considering they are given in terms of inverse functions of conditional copulas. A case study is reported using copulas models estimated from storm hindcast data for the Gulf of Mexico. Uncertainty in environmental contours of significant wave height, peak period and wind speed is assessed. The accuracy of the point estimation of the mean and variance of the contour coordinates is validated based on Monte Carlo simulations. A parametric study shows the manner in which greater parametric uncertainty induces larger variability in the environmental contours. The influence of parametric uncertainty for different degrees of association is also analyzed. The results indicate that variability between contours considering parametric uncertainty can be meaningful.     

基于CASS的土石方多种计算方法与比较

对传统常规计算土方量的具体方法、算法原理、应用范围、计算步骤等进行对比分析,对其注意问题进行探讨,研究并总结常规方法的优缺点.     

地貌及等高线表示的分解定理与表现定理

随着计算机制图和GIS的迅速发展，对于有着广泛应用的地貌形态特征问题，提出了进一步加以科学、系统、深入定量研究的迫切要求，以便获得更科学、合理的应用。作为一个系列研究的开始，首先要解决用2维空间的等高线表示3维空问地貌形态的科学性这一问题。为此，文中引入了地貌截影及截地貌的概念，通过地貌分解定理与表现定理的证明，以及等高线、地貌截影和截地貌三者之间的等价关系的论述，最终从数学上解决了上述基本问题，为今后的深入研究奠定了基础。     

侧视地图中建筑物轮廓线提取的三维城市模型法

针对城市侧视地图上建筑物轮廓线主要依靠人工交互提取,成本高昂、效率低下且精细度和准确度有限的问题,提出了一种任意视角侧视地图中建筑物轮廓线的自动提取方法。采用深度缓冲区分割算法获取单个建筑物对象的颜色缓冲区,顾及了存在建筑群的情况和建筑物密集区域的遮挡问题,再基于颜色缓冲区追踪建筑物轮廓线。为了保持遮挡一致性且便于匹配提取出的矢量轮廓线与栅格侧视地图,本文还提出了基于投影空间分块加载三维城市模型的方法。最后,以武汉市典型三维城市模型数据为例,证明了该方法的有效性和可靠性。     

Mapping bathymetry based on waterlines observed from low altitude Helikite remote sensing platform

Mapping shoreline changes along coastal regions is critically important in monitoring continuously rising sea surface heights due to climate change and frequent severe storms. Thus, it is especially important if the region has very high tidal ranges over very gentle tidal flats, which is a very vulnerable region. Although the various remote sensing platforms can be used to map shoreline changes, the spatial and temporal resolutions are not enough to obtain it for a short time. Accordingly, in this study we introduce the newly developed low altitude Helikite remote sensing platform to achieve much better resolutions of shorelines and a bathymetry. The Helikite stands for Helium balloon and Kite, which is a kind of aerial platform that uses the advantages of both a Helium balloon and a kite. Field experiments were conducted in the Jaebu Island, off the coast of the west Korean Peninsula in January 29, 2011. In order to extract shorelines from the consecutive images taken by the low altitude Helikite remote sensing platform, active contours without edges (ACWE) is used. Edges or boundaries exist primarily on places between one type of objective and the other. Since the hydrodynamic pressure has an effect everywhere, the locations of the waterlines can be the isobath lines. We could map several waterlines, which would enable us to complete a local bathymetry map ranges from 35 to 60 cm depth. The error resulting from applying ACWE algorithm to the imagery to determine the waterline is approximately less than 1 m. Therefore, it is very unique way to obtain such high resolutions of bathymetry with high accuracy for the regions of extremely high tidal ranges for a short time.     

基于DEM生成等高线的方法

绘制等高线算法,分为等高线确定,等高线短线构成和等高线短线连接。首先确定每条等高线具体高程和等高线条数,根据等高线高程,划分各点所在地势级,找出地势变化处的点,在这些点的附近找出等高线经过处,内插出等高点,再将同一等高线上的两点连接成短线,短线连接是根据同一等高线上的点,高程相等又相互连接,在等高线短线中,找出高程相等,由相同坐标点的短线,将其逐个连接起来,便形成了完整的等高线。     

A new model for predicting three-dimensional beach changes by expanding Hsu and Evans' equation

The empirical bay shape model proposed by Hsu and Evans in 1989 for predicting the static planform of a pocket beach is expanded to enable the calculation of three-dimensional beach changes on a pocket beach with a seawall. The original formulation was developed on the basis of a second-order regression analysis. Unlike the one-line model of shoreline changes, the model of Hsu and Evans does not require repeated calculations of the wave field and shoreline position, because it was derived on the assumption of null sediment movement within a pocket beach in static equilibrium, hence without the need of applying the continuity condition of total sand volume in the calculation. The expanded model proposed by the present authors satisfies the total sand budget on a pocket beach, by taking into account the concept of depth change due to longshore sand transport. Model tests were carried out and the new model was further applied to the beach changes at Kemigawa on the northeast of Tokyo Bay in Chiba Prefecture, as well as at Oarai in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. On both locations, seawall has been installed as countermeasures against beach erosion, where wave sheltering effect of the main breakwater and beach changes in front of the seawall has also been observed. With this expansion, the present model can be applied to predict the three-dimensional beach changes on a coast with seawall on a pocket beach.