Origin and evolution of closed depressions in central Belgium,European loess belt

Closed depressions (CDs) are lower lying areas where the sediment eroded from the surrounding soil surfaces draining towards the CD is trapped in the system. CDs have been reported in several regions of the European loess belt and are attributed either to natural processes (e.g. dissolution of subsurface horizons) or to human intervention (e.g. quarrying). Previous studies focussed mainly on cropland areas where, however, only few and largely filled in CDs remain. The objectives of this study were to i) assess the spatial distribution of CDs under forest and cropland, ii) to determine and compare the morphology of CDs under forest and under cropland, and iii) to determine the origin and age of these CDs under forest. In a study area located partly in ancient forest (13 km²) and partly in cropland (29 km²), a systematic survey revealed the presence of 71 CDs under forest (5·3 CD.km^?2) and 30 CDs under cropland (1 CD.km^?2). Comparison of their morphology showed that CDs under forest were significantly deeper, with steeper sidewalls and a smaller surface area because of the erosion and deposition processes acting on the CDs under cropland. By comparing CDs that had been under cropland for different time intervals, the rate of this morphological evolution could be reconstructed. Analysis of the soil stratigraphy of two representative CDs in the ancient forest area confirmed their origin as quarries. Most probably, calcareous loess was excavated since this soil horizon, about two to five meters thick, was completely absent within the CDs. Dating of the infilling of one CD by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) shows that the CD filled in between the first century BC and the fourth century AD. This dating corresponds to the dating of sediment deposits in nearby, human‐induced gullies that were attributed to an agricultural land use phase between the 18th century BC and the third century AD.     

激光扫描多三维视图的全自动无缝镶嵌

探讨了不同坐标系下的三维点云统一到某一固定坐标系下形成完整目标的问题，提出了一种全自动获取三维视图配准初值的方法。对多三维视图，应用基于闭合条件的整体平差模型，获得最小二乘意义下的最优变换参数，实现了对多三笋视图的全自动无缝镶嵌。利用激光扫描仪的实际扫描数据进行了试验，得到了预期的结果，并验证了本文方法的可行性和有效性。     

A new method for the derivation of the closed nets in the phase diagram space of multisystems. I. The absent phase substitution method

A new convenient combinatorial method is developed here to derive the invariant points in multisystem closed nets – the absent phase substitution (APS) method. It substantially simplifies the derivation of the closed nets in multisystems with many components and phases. For the multisystems whose total phase number (N_PS) ≤ twice the number of the absent phases (m) in an invariant assemblage, the method can yield regular closed nets with or without globally absent phases; for other multisystems, the method can yield the regular closed nets with globally absent phases. As examples, the APS method was used to predict: (1) the regular closed nets of unary to quinary n + 4‐phase multisystems, unary 6‐phase multisystem and ternary 8‐phase multisystem; (2) the basic properties of the regular closed nets of the quaternary and quinary multisystems with n + 4 and n + 5 phases. Two multisystems were chosen to demonstrate how to select a realistic closed net from the numerous possible closed nets of a complex multisystem, and how to derive a realistic partially closed‐net, closed‐net‐diagram and the related realistic straight‐line‐net‐diagram. Comparisons of our APS method for the derivation of complicated closed nets with other methods indicate that this method is much simpler and more efficient.     

三维地电模型数值模拟中视电阻率真假异常特征分析

本文概要介绍了三维数值模拟中双网格系统的剖分方法,并通过几种典型模型的有限单元法三维数值模拟计算（网格单元电导率分块均匀、电位三线性变化）,充分揭示了对称四极电阻率测深法三维地电模型视电阻率真假异常的分布规律,分析了产生真假异常的原因,并研究了真异常的形态与引起真异常的地质体位置的关系。     

闭合导线的不可靠性浅析

本文论证了闭合导线存在的不可靠因素；从理论上分析了产生的原因；提出了使用中应该采取的措施。     

夯扩桩的应用及其施工中应注意的几个问题

对夯扩桩的特点、应用状况、设计以及施工中注意的事项做了较为详细的阐述 ,为夯扩桩的实际应用提供了有益的经验。     

青藏铁路多年冻土区热棒的施工技术

青藏铁路要穿越550 km长的多年冻土区,其中年平均地温>-1.0℃的高温多年冻土路段275 km,高含冰量冻土类型路段长221 km.为确保路基工程的整体稳定,部分地段采用了热棒处理措施.热棒路基利用自然能源,在温差作用下驱动内部制冷工质的汽液两相对流循环,通过蒸发段蒸发吸热作用降低周围冻土温度,增加冻土本身的冷储量,提高热稳定性,保护多年冻土.热棒技术是一种有着广阔应用前景的新技术,尤其是在全球气温升高大环境下,其作用更为明显.针对热棒的工作原理和施工技术进行了系统的总结分析,实践证明,热棒能够很好的防止多年冻土的融沉、冻胀病害,已在青藏铁路、公路多年冻土区路基试验段取得重要的阶段成果,以后将会在多年冻土区施工中逐步推广应用.     

开放体系和密闭体系恒速升温实验条件下有机质生烃动力学特征对比及意义

为了揭示不同实验条件下有机质生烃动力学特征及其地质应用的差异性,对松辽盆地煤样进行了开放体系(Rock-Eval)和密闭体系(金管)的恒速升温热模拟实验。根据实验产物产率与温度关系标定了开放系下的有机质成油、成气及密闭体系下有机质成气动力学模型;将标定的2种体系下的动力学参数以实验室升温速率和地质升温速率条件下进行外推,表明密闭体系下的成气转化率相对开放体系下的变化要慢,原因在于开放体系下煤样热解生气为初次裂解,而密闭体系下煤样生气是初次裂解和二次裂解共同贡献的结果。进一步将2种体系下获得的生气动力学参数结合松辽盆地徐家围子地区埋藏史、热史资料进行应用表明:应用开放体系获得的动力学参数外推计算的生气门限对应时间(115 Ma)要比实际生气门限对应时间(110 Ma)偏早;应用密闭体系获得的动力学参数外推计算的生气门限对应时间(92 Ma)要比实际生气门限对应时间偏晚。     

Overview of the seismic input at dam sites in China

The current Chinese national standard, the Standard for Seismic Design of Hydraulic Structures (GB51247), released in 2018, is strictly based on China’s national conditions and dam engineering features. A comprehensive and systematic overview of the basis of the seismic fortification requirements, the framework of the fortification criteria, and the mechanisms of seismic input related to the seismic design of dams are presented herein. We first analyzed and clarified several conceptual aspects in traditional seismic design of dams. Then, for the seismic input at the dam site described in the first national standard for hydraulic structures, we expounded innovative concepts, ideas, and methods to make relevant provisions more realistic and practical and discussed whether reservoir earthquakes must be included in the seismic fortification framework of dams. This study seeks to incorporate seismic input at the dam site into traditional seismic design practice to promote its improvement from the quasi-static method to the dynamic method and from the closed vibration system to an open wave propagation system, to ensure that the seismic design of dams becomes more reasonable, reliable, scientific, and economic.