松辽盆地泉四段扶余油层地层层序新认识

松辽盆地泉四段扶余油层发育浅水湖泊三角洲相和浅水湖泊相，沉积构造环境属于闭塞浅水坳陷湖盆，其层序特征类似于稳定克拉通盆地层序，也类似于缓坡被动大陆边缘型盆地层序，气候是控制陆相坳陷盆地层序形成的主要因素，三级层序内总体应表现为水进体系域-高位体系域构成1个完整的层序，而低位体系域不发育。通过岩心、录井、地震等资料研究分析，认为泉四段扶余油层是1个三级层序，发育水进体系域和顶部薄层强制水退边缘体系域；泉四段与泉三段地层分界是其层序的底界；泉四段顶界地震反射层T2也是层序边界，是泉四段三级层序的顶界。精确识别和建立地层层序格架对石油勘探开发具有重要的指导意义。     

Chemical alteration of volcanic glasses and related control by secondary minerals: Experimental studies

A detailed experimental mineralogical and geochemical study on hydrothermal alteration processes of volcanic glasses with a different chemical composition and leucites sampled in the Roman Comagmatic Region was carried out. 2g samples of different grain sizes and 50 ml of deionized water or seawater were sealed in bronze Teflon-lined autoclaves and placed in a rotating sample-holder at 200°C. The internal pressure was 16.2 bars. At arbitrary intervals, the pressure vessel was quenched to room temperature and both solids and solutions were separated by filtration. The solids were used to identify possible alteration products by means of X-ray powder diffraction, SEM and microprobe analyses. In all deionized water systems the contact solution reached pH basic values, but in the various systems the consumption of H⁺ ions occurred in different ways. This is probably linked to different concentrations of released cations. In seawater systems, however, pH values initially fell sharply but subsequently increased slightly. After 2 days, cation concentrations were clearly buffered by reaction products in all solutions. These were mainly zeolites and clay minerals. The following crystallization sequences in all glass/deionized water experiments were observed: the first reaction product was represented by phillipsite, followed by analcime and illite in the alkali-trachytic run; chabasite and analcime in the phonolitic-tephritic run; analcime and finally feldspar in shoshonitic and trachytic runs. Phillipsite and smectite crystallized together only in the basaltic run. In leucite/deionized water systems, however, the first reaction phase was illite, followed by analcime and then phillipsite. The reaction products in glass/seawater systems were smectite and anydrite. The chemical composition of synthetic zeolites was clearly controlled by the chemistry of initial glasses. These synthetic zeolites are like the natural ones in volcaniclastic products from central and southern Italy. This suggests that extensive zeolitization processes of these volcaniclastic rocks may occur through interaction of volcanic glasses with fluids at a very low salinity and a temperature close to 200°C.     

Variations in the carbon isotope composition and production yield of various pyrolysis products under open and closed system conditions

Production rates and carbon isotopic compositions of various pyrolysis products were investigated for three sediments from the Williston Basin under open and closed pyrolysis conditions in the temperature range of 300–600°C.Both parameters do not show any significant differences for kerogens and carbon dioxides with the analytical procedure. Contrary to open system pyrolysis, however, decreasing yields of pyrolysates and higher amounts of gaseous hydrocarbons (C_2–4 compounds) at temperatures of 500 and 600°C, point to their decomposition to give ultimately methane.Moreover, these pyrolysis products display distinct carbon isotopic variations under open and closed pyrolysis conditions. They are due to a kinetic isotope effect, i.e. the preferential cleavage of ¹²C-¹²C over ¹³C-¹²C bonds, but the extent of the shift in isotopic composition seems to depend primarily on the reservoir size and the type of source material.     

中国城市经济区划分的初步研究

本文建立了城市经济区划分的理论与方法——d△系和R_d链法,应用33个指标对全国434个城市进行了综合实力的R型因子分析评价,并进行了不同层次d系的划分和Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级d△系和R_d链组建,提出了我国两大经济发展地带、三条经济开发轴线、九大城市经济区和33个Ⅱ级城市经济区的城市经济区区划体系设想。     

台湾海峡架桥铺路的层析技术问题的初步分析

关于在台湾海峡架桥和修筑隧道的问题从1987年至2002年在福省召开过三次"台湾海峡两岸地质地震和架桥与修筑隧道的研讨会",以后陆续出版了相应的论文和论文集,提出了"台湾海峡架桥和修筑隧道的可行性研究",和"台湾海峡隧道工程设计总建议"等[1-4],论述了修建该工程的可行性等问题.提出平潭岛可作为海峡北线的端点,探讨了如何具体建桥和相关工程的问题.近年来地球层析技术的发展,可对台湾海峡隧道工程的工程地质问题,海港的开发和沿海陆地的充分利用等,做出探测台湾海峡地下地层三维成像细结构和地球物理场的空间分布,作为台湾海峡架桥铺路工程基本设计的必要依据.为了让大中小轮船在台湾海峡顺利通航,利用现代的科技研讨台湾海峡两岸连接的最佳方案.为了架成大型的高桥和修建堤坝式的地基,必须用地震层析和应力波等方法探测桥梁和堤坝地基的结构和地层的坚实程度,以便决定桥墩深入海底的深度,和设计坚固而又经济的桥墩与堤坝的基础.参考开采海底石油平台施工和荷兰填海造田的工程经验,以双边海堤与大型高桥及活动的船闸相结合,从平潭岛东至台湾新竹西海岸,在124千米距离上架设4-6段桥梁和5-7段堤坝型的路基,既让大中小船舶照常航行,海洋生物照常游动,又可在其上通车,以缩短两岸距离,适应中国大陆和台湾经济快速发展的需要,争取和平沟通的愿望.由于架桥铺路的工程费用较修筑隧道的投资低得多,在福建近海地带局部填海造地,充分利用海洋资源和建筑深水码头,可得到较大的经济补偿,在现阶段较易实施.本文初步分析了有关的地球层析和工业CT技术的作用问题.     

地铁车站主体结构渗漏及堵漏

地铁工程建设中，结构渗漏的堵漏工作非常重要，实际施工十分复杂，对整个工程质量有重大影响。该文总结了长期项目施工中的有效经验，并以某车站主体结构工程为例，详细介绍了该车站主体结构自防水设计及施工工艺，对结构渗漏的原因及具体的堵漏施工方法进行了探讨。     

青藏高原封闭道碴层对下部多年冻土保护作用的现场实验研究

为了研究封闭道碴层对其下部多年冻土是否具有积极的保护作用,在青藏铁路北麓河试验段附近建立了封闭碎石道碴坑和卵石地表对比试验场,并对下部地温进行监测.结果发现:经过两个冻融循环后,道碴坑底部(1.3 m深度处)年平均地温为-1.11℃,比卵石地表相同深度低0.73℃;道碴坑中部(0.7m深度处)年平均地温为-1.60℃,比卵石地表相同深度地温低1.4℃.封闭碎石道碴层可以提升冻土上限,降低多年冻土温度,对下部多年冻土起到很好的保护作用.封闭道碴层的这种降温效果是由于道碴层具有可变导热系数的特点,暖季道碴层上部温度高,下部温度低,不产生对流,等效导热系数小,传入道碴层以下土体的热量较少;相反寒季道碴层上部温度低,下部温度高,产生自然对流,等效导热系数增大,有利于道碴层以下土体释放热量.     

遥感科学与技术专业建设中的几个关键问题

根据遥感专业发展特点及学生具体情况,在分析遥感科学与技术专业现状的基础上,从师资队伍建设和方向凝练、课程体系建设以及人才培养模式3个方面探讨了遥感科学与技术专业的建设情况,并结合南京信息工程大学的具体情况进行了总结与探讨,使该专业能够适应我国遥感科学技术的发展和人才培养的需要。     

Combined effects of groundwater and aeolian processes in the formation of the northernmost closed saline depressions of Europe: north-east Spain

A genetic and evolutionary model is established for saline depressions in continental areas. These depressions are located in arid or subarid areas, and are developed on low permeability geological mediums (K<10 mm/day) with a lack of streams reaching the small lakes. The phenomenon of evaporation is fundamental, since it is the basic requirement for the presence or absence of a free water surface in the lake, and also for depression of the phreatic surface, which causes inflow of groundwater towards the lake. With these conditions, the proposed model includes the following stages: (i) initiation of the close depression; (ii) deepening of the depression; (iii) formation of the lake basin and the end of the deepening; and (iv) levelling and lateral extension of the lake basin. The combined effects of groundwater flows and aeolian action offer a coherent explanation for the origin and evolution both of the closed depressions found in the Ebro Valley, and of the salt lakes that subsequently form. The processes described form morphologies of oval shape with the main axis parallel to the direction of the wind, flat floors and evaporitic sedimentation, although they act on geological materials with different lithologies. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南沙群岛封闭环礁空间结构演化的遥感复合信息与模型Ⅱ

基干本文上篇对南沙群岛所建立的封闭环礁概念化遥感系统,通过对封闭与准封闭环礁的信息函数值、均衡度求解与发育形态的拓扑分析,将遥感复合信息量化数据为运算参数,构建了两类环礁的特征量体系及其数学模型,并举例进行多元分析.