参数优化的建筑物多边形化简研究

本文针对建筑物多边形化简当前存在的问题,将参数优化的方法引入化简的全过程,在渐进式图形化简的基础上,通过把建筑物多边形的几何特征、结构特征和化简所遵循的一系列约束规则参数化、变量化表示,建立了建筑物多边形化简的数学模型,通过对模型的求解,来达到化简建筑物多边形的目的。成果已经应用于数字地图的生产,实践证明该算法的化简效果好,普适性较高,符合应用需求。     

附有病态约束反演问题的岭估计法

提出了处理附有病态约束矩阵的等式约束反演问题的岭估计解法,推导了相应的求解公式及均方误差评定精度的方法,给出了确定附有病态约束矩阵的等式约束反演中岭参数的岭迹法、广义交叉核实法和L曲线法。算例比较了三种确定岭参数的方法在处理附有病态约束矩阵的等式约束反演问题中的优缺点,并与截断SVD法进行了对比分析。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Vanishing Farmland Crisis, Critical Views of the Movement to Preserve Agricultural Land . John Baden Protecting Farmlands . Frederick R. Steiner and John E. Theilacker Ecological Effects of Fire in South African Ecosystems . Peter de V. Booysen and Neil M. Tainton Geography in China . Wu Chuanjun , Wang Nailiang , Lin Chao and Zhao Songqiao Resource Inventory and Baseline Study Methods for Developing Countries . Francis Conant , Peter Rogers , Marion Baumgardner , Cyrus Mc Kell , Raymond Dasmann, and Priscilla Reining Principles of Remote Sensing . Paul J. Curran Famine As A Geographical Phenomenon . Bruce Currey and Graeme Hugo The Suburban Squeeze: Land Conversion and Regulation in the San Francisco Bay Area . David E. Dowall Senses of Place . John Eyles Uneven Development and the Geographical Transfer of Value . D. K. Forbes and P. J. Rimmer Issues in Wilderness Management . Michael Frome Land-use and Prehistory in South-east Spain , The London Research Series in Geography 8. Antonio Gilman and John B. Thornes with Stephen Wise Regions in Question, Space, Development Theory and Regional Policy . Charles Gore The Colorado River: Instability and Basin Management . William L. Graf Hazardous Waste Sites: The Credibility Gap . Michael R. Greenberg and Richard F. Anderson Peasants, Subsistence Ecology, and Development in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea . Lawrence S. Grossman Silver Cities: The Photography of American Urbanization, 1839-1915 Peter B. Hales Silicon Landscapes . Peter Hall and Ann Markusen Remaking Ibieca: Rural Life in Aragon under Franco . Susan F. Harding The European Energy Challenge: East and West . George W. Hoffman The Global Climate . John T. Houghton The Urban Jobless in Eastern Africa . Abel G. M. Ishumi . The Tourist: Travel in Twentieth-Century North America . John A. Jakle City and Society: An Outline for Urban Geography . R. J. Johnston Residential Segregation, The State and Constitutional Conflict in American Urban Areas . R. J. Johnston Accessibility and Utilization: Geographical Perspectives on Health Care Delivery . Alun E. Joseph and David R. Phillips To the Heart of Asia: The Life of Sven Hedin . George Kish North American Culture , Vol 1. Ary J. Lamme III Past and Present in the Americas: A Compendium of Recent Studies . John Lynch Ethnicity in Contemporary America: A Geographical Appraisal . Jesse O. Mc Kee The Shell Countryside Book . Richard Muir and Eric Duffey 1990 Planning Conference Series. Proceedings of the National Geographic Areas Conference . Proceedings of the Regional Geographic Areas Conferences Wood, Brick, and Stone: The North American Settlement Landscape . Vol. 2: Barns and Farm Structures . Allen G. Noble Bangladesh: Biography of a Muslim Nation . Charles Peter O'donnell     

A Regularized Image Restoration Algorithm for Lossy Compression in Astronomy

Astronomical images currently provide large amounts of data. Lossy compression algorithms have recently been developed for high compression ratios. These compression technique introduce distortion in the compressed images and for high compression ratios, a blocking effect appears. We propose a modified compression algorithm based on the hcompress scheme, and we introduce a new decompression method based on the regularization theory The image is restored scale by scale in a multiresolution scheme and the information lost during the compression is recovered by applying a Tikhonov regularization constraint. The experimental results show that the blocking effect is reduced and some measurements made on a simulated image show that the astrometric and the photometric properties of the restored images are improved.     

基于有效约束的附不等式约束平差的一种新算法

不等式约束是客观实际中普遍存在的一种约束,但目前大地测量数据处理领域并没有成熟、完整并被普遍接受的处理理论和方法。首先简要总结附不等式约束平差的各种方法及其存在的问题。然后对现有测量平差中附有等式约束的平差模型进行扩展,提出一种新的处理附有线性约束(包括等式和不等式约束)的平差方法。该方法在有效约束概念下,通过库恩-塔克条件来寻找有效约束条件,把不等式约束平差问题转化为我们熟知的等式约束平差问题,因此实现解向量与观测向量之间的显式表达。最后,用一个数值算例验证新方法的可行性,同时算例分析表明:用等式约束代替有效约束或集成约束进行平差计算,能得到正确的平差结果,但得不到正确的精度评定结果。     

基于约束条件的线要素化简算法质量评估

随着制图综合质量评价越来越受重视,对地图要素中所占比例最大的线要素的化简算法进行质量评估变得十分必要。结合线化简算法自身的特点,从几何和语义两方面总结了线要素在化简过程容易出现的问题,在分析线要素化简应满足的约束条件的基础上,提出对算法实施评估的评价指标,并选择水平中误差等三种评价指标对三种线化简算法具体实施质量评估。试验结果证明了本文提出的评估方法的科学性。     

基于地质–工程条件约束的可控冲击波煤层致裂行为数值分析

可控冲击波（CSW）岩层致裂技术作为岩层改造领域的一项变革性技术,已在煤层改造等方面取得显著应用效果,并在煤炭安全开采领域开展应用探索。然而,受实验及现场监测条件限制,前期对地质-工程因素约束下的CWS岩层致裂基本规律理解不足,制约了对致裂机理的探索及现场作业参数的优化。鉴于此,在阐述CSW煤层改造及其面临的工程科学问题基础上,采用基于连续介质力学的离散元方法（CDEM）开展数值模拟,以进一步揭示地应力、煤岩力学性质、冲击波加载条件约束下的CSW煤层致裂行为及其基本规律。结果显示,CSW加载条件对致裂效果的影响存在最优范围,过度加载会导致近井地带煤体崩解,煤粉产出率增加,造成煤储层伤害;同时,煤体破碎导致波阻抗及冲击波衰减速度增大,限制有效改造半径扩展;地应力增大,破裂半径、破裂度存在临界值,水平主应力差对CSW冲击裂隙形态、扩展方位及缝网连通程度存在显著影响。研究揭示,CSW煤岩致裂效果对力学性质的响应存在选择性:弹性模量与破裂半径、破裂度之间存在拐点临界值;黏聚力增大,煤岩脆性变小,致裂效果变差;抗拉强度似乎对CSW致裂效果没有明显影响。研究成果可为CSW作业煤层优选及参数优化措施提供参考。      

强降雨作用下黄土陡坡开裂特性测试

降雨诱发黄土边坡失稳具有严重的破坏性。为了研究强降雨条件下黄土陡坡的开裂特性,在陕北吴起开展了黄土陡坡现场人工模拟中雨和大雨试验,分析了坡体含水率及土压力响应,总结了边坡开裂特征、开裂模式及土工布隔离槽的工程效应。研究结果表明：24 h中雨条件下黄土陡坡含水率和土压力上升幅度有限,而144 h大雨条件下边坡表层形成较大厚度的临近饱和区且表层土压力增长明显;144 h大雨条件下黄土陡坡的破坏顺序为坡顶开裂—坡面鼓胀—局部滑动贯通,并且坡顶开裂具有易发性和先导性;边坡破坏模式为自坡顶至坡面的贯通浅层破坏。     

基于SVM的含约束地球化学单元素异常圈定方法及应用

地球化学元素异常的空间分布受限于地质背景、矿产空间分布和景观特征等因素,单元素异常图的绘制不应仅依据采样数据由计算机追踪等值线图的方法自动勾绘。传统的手工圈定方法效率低、受人为因素影响大。基于SVM(Support Vector Machine,支持向量机)提出了一种可以考虑地质约束的单元素异常圈定方法,并加入地质单元分区、地质构造等约束条件。该方法可以高效绘制出单元素异常图,并成功应用于2个实例中。     

An improved probabilistic relaxation method for matching multi-scale road networks

Matching multi-scale road networks in the same area is the first step in merging two road networks or updating one based upon the other. The quality of the merge or update depends greatly on the matching accuracy of the two road networks. We propose an improved probabilistic relaxation method, considering both local and global optimizations for matching multi-scale of road networks. The aim is to achieve local optimization, as well as to address the identification of the M:N matching pattern by means of inserting virtual nodes to achieve global optimization effects. Then, by adding two attribute-related evaluation indicators, we developed four evaluation indicators to evaluate the matching accuracy, considering both geographic and attribute information. This paper also provides instructions on how to identify the proper buffer threshold during matching procedures. Extensive experiments were conducted to compare the proposed method with the traditional approach. The results indicate that: (1) the overall matching accuracy of each evaluation indicator exceeds 90%; (2) the overall matching accuracy increases by 6–12% after an M:N matching pattern is added, and by 4–6% following the addition of topology indicators; and (3) the proper buffer threshold is about twice the average value of the closest distance from all nodes.