ADOP in closed form for a hierarchy of multi-frequency single-baseline GNSS models

Successful carrier phase ambiguity resolution is the key to high-precision positioning with Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). The ambiguity dilution of precision (ADOP) is a well-known scalar measure which can be used to infer the strength of the GNSS model for carrier phase ambiguity resolution. In this contribution we present analytical closed-form expressions for the ADOP. This will be done for a whole class of different multi- frequency single baseline models. These models include the geometry-fixed, the geometry-free and the geometry-based models, respectively. And within the class of geometry-based models, we discriminate between short and long observation time spans, and between stationary and moving receivers. The easy-to-use ADOP expressions can be applied to infer the contribution of various GNSS model factors. They comprise, for instance, the type, the number and the precision of the GNSS observations, the number and selection of frequencies, the presence of atmospheric disturbances, the length of the observation time span and the length of the baseline.     

塔里木河下游植被恢复遥感模型建立

以2000年~2006年塔里木河下游MODIS、ETM及ASTER数据为信息源,从不同时间和空间分辨率角度分析塔里木河下游喀尔达依断面输水后NDVI时空变化规律,并在此基础上建立了研究区不同离河距离、不同时间MODIS、ETM及ASTER数据NDVI的预测模型;根据模型预测的NDVI值,使用像元二分法反演植被覆盖度,并根据当年实地调查数据对反演植被盖度进行精度验证,其平均精度达82.88%以上。以上研究结果为监测和预测塔里木河下游植被恢复提供方法借鉴和恢复趋势预测参考。     

VHSR图像基于分割对象分类器性能评价

对比研究了平行六面体、最近邻分类法、最大似然法、神经网络等经典分类算法以及近年来新发展的支持向量机分类算法在基于分割对象的高分辨率遥感图像分类中的性能,详细分析了不同内积核函数对于支持向量机分类的影响。对两个试验区进行试验的结果表明,支持向量机分类算法分类精度得到明显改善,同时分类结果受参数、样本选择等影响较小,稳定性好。     

双模态脉冲耦合神经网络高分辨率光学卫星影像分割

针对应用PCNN分割高空间分辨率光学卫星影像存在的问题,提出一种双模态PCNN算法.利用北京地区QuickBird影像进行实验,结果表明,该算法能够弱化影像目标内部灰度变化信息对结果的影响,并能提取影像目标几何结构特征信息,为高空间分辨率光学卫星影像分割提供了一种新方法.     

高密度采集技术在西部煤炭资源勘探中的应用

结合中国煤炭地质总局承担的国家重大产业技术开发专项“西部煤炭资源高精度三维地震勘探技术”依托工程的研究成果,介绍了高密度三维地震勘探的概念、技术特点和优势。高密度三维地震采集技术与常规三维地震技术相比,具有高覆盖次数、小空间采样间隔、宽（全）方位角、均匀炮检距道集等特点,在资料采集和处理过程中容易接收并保护宽频数据,实现高信噪比、高分辨率、高保真度。实例说明小网格和高覆盖次数可有效提高地震资料信噪比和地震反射波的连续性,提高小构造的检测能力。根据多个依托工程的实施情况,提出了高密度三维地震采集技术对设备及野外采集的要求。     

煤炭高密度空间采样地震勘探方法研究及应用效果

高密度空间采样地震勘探技术在野外采用单点激发、单点接收,可有效避免野外组合时差对高频的影响及组合产生的接收各向异性问题,并有利于室内对规则干扰进行压制。通过开展高密度空间采样试验,对高密度勘探技术中空间采样密度与分辨率的关系,高密度激发技术、静校正、高保真室内组合方法、噪声压制方法及三维去噪最小数据集抽取方法等关键技术进行了总结。以HNDJ区的高密度地震勘探项目为例,高密度地震勘探获得的新剖面,其各煤层的反射特征都比过去普通三维资料有明显提高,特别是Td波。对该区的高密度空间采样数据利用多种地震属性对断层进行识别,新发现6～8m的断层2条,尤其2m断距的断层显示的也非常清晰,实例表明高密度空间采样地震勘探技术,可提高地震勘探的成像精度。     

INFLUENCE OF MODEL HORIZONTAL RESOLUTION ON THE INTENSITY AND STRUCTURE OF RAMMASUN

We use the WRF (V3.4) model as the experimental model and select three horizontal resolutions of 15, 9, and 3km to research the influence of the model’s horizontal resolution on the intensity and structure of the super-strong typhoon Rammasun (1409) in 2014. The results indicate that the horizontal resolution has a very large impact on the intensity and structure of Rammasun. The Rammasun intensity increases as the horizontal resolution increases. When the horizontal resolution increases from 9km to 3km, the enhancement of intensity is more obvious, but the strongest intensity simulated by 3km horizontal resolution is still weaker than the observed strongest intensity. Along with the increase of horizontal resolution, the horizontal scale of the Rammasun vortex decreases, and the vortex gradually contracts toward its center. The vortex structure changes from loose to compact and deep. The maximum wind radius, thickness of the eye wall, and outward inclination of the eye wall with height decrease, and the wind in the inner core region, updraft motion along the eye wall, and strength of the warm core become stronger. Additionally, the pressure gradient and temperature gradient of the eye wall region increase, and the vortex intensity becomes stronger. When the horizontal resolution increases from 9km to 3km, the change in the Rammasun structure is much larger than the change when the horizontal resolution increases from 15km to 9km. When the model does not employ the method of convection parameterization, the Rammasun intensity simulated with 3km horizontal resolution is slightly weaker than the intensity simulated with 3km horizontal resolution when the Kain–Fritsch (KF) convection parameterization scheme is adopted, while the intensity simulated with 9km horizontal resolution is much weaker than the intensity simulated with 9km horizontal resolution when the KF scheme is adopted. The influence of the horizontal resolution on the intensity and structure of Rammasun is larger than the influence when the KF scheme is adopted.     

热带太平洋-印度洋海温联合模及其气候影响

本文基于观测资料和LICOM2.0模拟结果的分析研究,简要介绍讨论了太平洋—印度洋海温(异常)联合模(PIOAM)的存在、特征、演变及其影响等问题。热带太平洋—印度洋区域乃至全球范围的海表温度异常(SSTA)资料进行EOF分解,都清楚表明其第一分量在热带太平洋—印度洋的空间形态与太平洋—印度洋海温(异常)联合模(PIOAM)非常相似,说明PIOAM是热带太平洋—印度洋实实在在存在的一种海温异常模态。对应PIOAM的正、负位相,热带印度洋和西太平洋地区的夏季(JJA)850 hPa距平风场有近乎相反的异常流场形势;对流层低层的Walker环流支和亚洲夏季风都出现了不同特征的(近乎相反)异常;在PIOAM正(负)位相将使得100 hPa的南亚高压位置偏东(西)。对热带太平洋和印度洋温跃层曲面上的海温异常(为了方便将其称为SOTA)进行EOF分解,发现其第一模态也是一个三极子模态,即当赤道中西印度洋大部分海域与赤道中东太平洋大部分海域偏暖(偏冷)时,赤道东印度洋和赤道西太平洋大部分海域则偏冷(偏暖);它与太平洋—印度洋表层的PIOAM十分类似,也表明PIOAM在海洋次表层也是存在的。高分辨海洋环流模式LICOM2.0的模拟结果,无论是对太平洋—印度洋表层还是次表层的PIOAM的特征和演变都刻画得很好,这从另一个角度进一步说明PIOAM是热带太平洋—印度洋实际存在的一种海温变化模态。PIOAM正、负位相不仅对亚洲及西太平洋地区的天气气候有非常不一样的影响(不少地方有反向的特征),还会对南北美洲和非洲一些地区产生不同影响;而且其影响与单独的厄尔尼诺(El Ni?o)及印度洋偶极子(IOD)都不尽相同。     

The Development of Wildlife Community Conservancies in Kenya: A Preliminary Review

The significance of biodiversity conservation has transformed from a concern for conservation of endangered species and landscapes into an increasingly diverse yet comprehensive set of conservation, social and economic development goals. Community conservancy, a powerful extension of the PA system, has great potential to support biodiversity conservation, poverty eradication and conflict mitigation. Based on its policy environment and development characteristics, Kenya has implemented community conservation practices, and established over 160 conservancies across the country in the past decades. This paper reviews the development and experiences of community conservancies, discusses how they have been implemented in Kenya, and looks at the management paradigm, efficacy and challenges to help better understand the community conservancy approach. The development trajectory and lessons these conservancies have to offer can contribute to the sustainable utilization of natural resources and the enhancement of community wellbeing in Kenya and other countries alike.     

南海珊瑚礁高分辨率遥感地貌分类体系研究

珊瑚礁遥感地貌分类体系在珊瑚礁遥感地貌制图中具有重要的指导作用。目前,珊瑚礁遥感地貌分类体系仍存在构建标准不统一、部分重要地貌类型不突出以及涵盖地貌类型不完备等问题,影响了珊瑚礁遥感地貌制图应用于珊瑚礁科学和管理。本文采用中国南海46个珊瑚礁(环礁、台礁)的高分辨率遥感影像(WorldView-2、Quickbird),并结合西沙群岛15个岛礁的地貌实地调查数据进行南海高分辨率遥感地貌分类体系的构建研究。以各地貌类型所处礁体位置、动力特征、出露程度和沉积类型为划分标准,将相似尺度和重要性相当的地貌类型归为同等级别,共构建了3级19类南海珊瑚礁遥感地貌分类体系。该分类体系划分标准统一、地貌类型数量最多且完备,新命名了内礁坪生物稀疏带、内礁坪生物丛生带,补充了水下礁脊、潮间带浅滩、浅水礁塘等地貌类型,便于直观理解和推断不同尺度的海洋生态相互作用及重要性。同时,其多等级多尺度性适用于分辨率由低到高的南海珊瑚礁遥感地貌制图,有助于珊瑚礁态势演变分析、管理和保护,为维护国家海洋权益作出应有的贡献。