Investigation on the tectonic significance of Izmir,Uzunada Fault Zones and other tectonic elements in the Gulf of Izmir,western Turkey,using high resolution seismic data

Active faults at a range in scales are observed in different directions (E-W, N-S and NE-SW) in the extensional tectonic regime of the Aegean region, western Turkey. However, mechanisms and types of faults in the Gulf of Izmir have not been investigated properly. Tectonic setting in the gulf together with the origin and characteristics of faults were studied in this study by integrating interpretation from various very high resolution acoustic data (multibeam bathymetry and CHIRP very high resolution seismic) acquired in the Gulf of Izmir.The Gulf of Izmir has thick, unconsolidated, stratified sediment cover. The water depth increases from the inner part (SE) to the outer part (NW) of the gulf with complex sea floor morphology. However, northeastern part of the coastal region is very shallow because of the sedimentary influx transported by the Gediz River. The western margin and the southern part of the gulf were formed under the influence of Uzunada (Uzun Island) and Izmir Faults, respectively. In the southern offshore, there is only one, E-W directional normal fault dipping through the north and corresponding to the offshore segment of the Izmir Fault Zone to the west. The acoustic data enable identification of the Uzunada Fault Zone extending as a simple lineament from near Guzelbahce in the south but bifurcating toward the NE of the Cicek Archipelago and terminating with left-lateral slip in the E-NE of the Hekim Island. After the sinistral strike-slip, the fault re-extends in the NW direction untill the mid of Uzunada as a single fault segment. Then, the fault is observed as a bunch of many active fault segments (like horse-tail splays) to the east of Uzunada with N-NW elongation through the outer gulf. These segments were chronologically succeeded from the east to the west. This progradational pattern is attributed to westward extension of the Gulf of Izmir with anti-clockwise rotational escape of the Anatolian Plate. In addition, progradation of faults was controlled by the NE-SW directional tear faults which may have played a key role in the shoreline extension and general pattern of the outer gulf islands. A very young graben in the central part of the gulf, also dislocated by the tear faults was observed parallel to the Uzunada Fault Zone as another indicator of ongoing fan-shaped opening of the gulf. These tectonic elements are consistent with earlier interpretation of GPS-based observations indicating a four-wheel gear system of rigid-body rotations. Additionally, a new fault extending from the far offshore of Foca to Suzbeyli village to the south was identified in this study. Its NW-SE extension is angular to the previous tectonic elements. All these elements apparently project at least 10 km farther northward, in the offshore Foca where the earthquake epicenters cluster.     

基于高空间分辨率卫星遥感影像的砂质海岸空间整治效果分析——以营口月亮湾为例

采用2005年采集的SPORT5卫星遥感影像和2015年采集的GF-1卫星遥感影像,分别对2006-2014年之间营口月亮湾海岸空间整治项目实施前后的海岸景观格局进行监测,在此基础上构建了沙滩面积系数、适宜游乐水域指数、主体功能度指数、景观多样性系数、景观变化指数等评估指标,评估了营口月亮湾海岸空间整治效果。结果表明:营口月亮湾沙滩养护工程实施后沙滩面积大幅增加,沙滩面积系数为2.44,适宜游泳嬉水娱乐区面积略有增加,适宜游乐区指数为1.10。海岸空间整理工程实施使月亮湾海岸游乐功能分区明显,月亮湖公园、高尔夫休闲区、山海广场区、农业生态旅游度假区和滨海嬉水观光区主体功能度指数分别达到0.89、0.76、0.68、0.65和0.77。海岸景观美化工程整体改变了海岸景观格局,使各功能分区海岸景观多样性提高,海岸景观格局更为优化,总体景观多样性系数达到1.13,景观变化指数达到0.30。     

光谱、形状特征结合的多精度图像分割算法与应用

由于高分辨率遥感图像的数据量和计算复杂性骤增,影像噪声、光谱混淆现象更为突出,这对传统主要依据于像元光谱特征的图像处理与分析方法提出了极大挑战。为此,特征更为丰富、在噪声处理和知识融合上,更具优势的面向对象的图像分析方法,逐步成为高分辨率遥感图像应用的研究热点。面向对象图像分析的第一步,以及关键一步是图像分割。本文设计了多精度图像分割算法:(1)采用降水分水岭变换进行初步分割获取图像次一级斑块,即分割亚基元;(2)设计一种可重复合并的快速图斑合并方法,进行亚基元的层次归并获得最后分割斑块,完成图像分割。在合并过程中,斑块之间的差异指标是其光谱合并代价、形状合并代价的加权和,合并结束的标志是斑块间两两合并代价超过尺度参数的平方。设置不同的尺度参数,则可实现多精度图像分割过程。实验证明,方法分割效果较好,并在算法效率上满足实际应用需求,可以开展后续图像分类、专题信息提取等工作。     

Two solution methods for dynamic game in reservoir operation

During the last decade, a number of models have been developed to consider the conflict in dynamic reservoir operation. Most of these models are discrete dynamic models which are developed based on game theory. In this study, a continuous model of dynamic game and its corresponding solutions are developed for reservoir operation. Two solution methods are used to solve the model of continuous dynamic game, namely the Ricatti equations and collocation methods. The Ricatti equations method is a closed form solution, requiring less computational efforts compared with discrete models. The collocation solution method applies Newton's method or a quasi-Newton method to find the problem solution. These approaches are able to generate operating policies for dynamic reservoir operation. The Zayandeh-Rud river basin in central Iran is used as a case study and the results are compared with alternative water allocation models. The results show that the proposed solution methods are quite capable of providing appropriate reservoir operating policies, while requiring rather short computational times due to continuous formulation of state and decision variables. Reliability indices are used to compare the overall performance of the proposed models. Based on the results from this study, the collocation method leads to improved values of the reliability indices for total reservoir system and utility satisfaction of water users, compared to the Ricatti equations method. This is attributed to the flexible structure of the collocation model. When compared to alternative water allocation models, lower values of reliability indices are achieved by the collocation method.     

Ecological assessment of highly heterogeneous systems: The importance of taxonomic sufficiency

We assess the effects of taxonomic resolution (genus-family levels) on the ecological assessment of 39 highly heterogeneous ponds located in north-western Spain.Non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) and one-way analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) were used to investigate the effects of taxonomic resolution on the macroinvertebrate assemblage structure. The Mann Whitney U-test and discrimination efficiency were used to assess the ability of nine diversity measures (total richness, rarefied richness samples of 25, 50 and 100 individuals, Margalef's index, Pielou's evenness, Shannon-Weaver's index, Simpson's index and percent dominant taxon) to discriminate between acceptable (best available and good conditions) and unacceptable (moderate, poor and very poor) conditions using three levels of taxonomic resolution: (i) family, (ii) family plus subfamilies of benthic non-biting midges and (iii) genus level.Based on non-metric MDS, the macroinvertebrate assemblages of ponds of acceptable (A) and unacceptable (N) conditions were statistically undistinguishable, both at genus and family levels. On the other hand, based on several community metrics (total richness, Margalef index, etc.) the two sets of samples were statistically different, although only when the genus or the subfamily level was used and after Bonferroni correction. These results suggest that the structure of macroinvertebrate assemblages by itself is more sensitive than the specific composition in distinguishing the fauna living in acceptable and unacceptable conditions. Moreover, dealing with families including many taxa generally showing different tolerance to disturbance may lead to misclassification of ponds. We agree, however, that the two approaches, i.e. assemblage composition and diversity measures, are conceptually different and hence they should be used in combination for a better understanding of the response of single metrics.     

基于下一代三向车轮双星编队改善地球重力场空间分辨率研究

由于当前GRACE(Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment)串行式编队存在"南北向条带误差"等缺陷,因此本文基于星间速度插值法开展了利用下一代三向车轮双星编队ACR(Along-Cross-Radial)-Cartwheel提高地球重力场空间分辨率的可行性研究论证.第一,采用GRACE卫星轨道参数和关键载荷精度,利用三向车轮双星编队ACR-Cartwheel-A/B反演了120阶地球重力场.结果表明:基于ACR-Cartwheel-A/B双星编队反演地球重力场的模拟精度较德国波茨坦地学研究中心(GFZ)公布的EIGEN-GRACE02S地球重力场模型的实测精度平均提高2.6倍,从而检验了基于下一代三向车轮双星编队ACR-Cartwheel-A/B反演地球重力场精度优于当前GRACE串行式双星编队的可行性.第二,通过星间速度插值法,采用卫星轨道参数(初始轨道高度350km、平均星间距离100km、初始轨道倾角89°、初始轨道离心率0.0046)、卫星关键载荷精度指标(星间速度10-7 m·s-1、轨道位置10-3 m、轨道速度10-6 m·s-1、非保守力10-11 m·s-2)、观测时间30天和采样间隔10s,基于经向车轮双星编队Lo-AR(Longitudinal-Along-Radial)-Cartwheel-A/B、纬向车轮双星编队La-AR(Latitudinal-Along-Radial)-Cartwheel-A/B和三向车轮双星编队ACR-Cartwheel-A/B,分别反演了120阶地球重力场;在120阶处,累计大地水准面精度分别为5.115×10-4 m、4.923×10-4 m和3.488×10-4 m.结果表明:(1)由于La-AR-Cartwheel-A/B编队的轨道稳定性优于Lo-AR-Cartwheel-A/B编队,因此基于La-AR-Cartwheel-A/B编队反演重力场精度高于Lo-AR-CartwheelA/B编队;(2)由于ACR-Cartwheel-A/B编队可以同时获得轨向、垂向和径向的重力场信息,卫星观测数据具有各向同性优点,因此ACR-Cartwheel-A/B编队是建立下一代高精度和高空间分辨地球重力场模型的优化选择.     

基于遥感影像的卫星颤振探测分析的关键技术与实现

姿态颤振是高分辨率卫星普遍存在的复杂现象,随着卫星的复杂性和敏捷性的提高,故其对成像质量的影响机制和相应的探测与补偿方法,成为高分辨率卫星对地观测研究的关键问题。本文介绍了基于遥感影像的卫星颤振探测原理和关键技术,利用传感器的构造特点,通过不同波段的多光谱影像,以及不同视角的全色立体影像间的密集匹配精确量测和获取影像视差差异值,反演卫星姿态颤振的规律和特性,从而对规律性的颤振现象进行建模和补偿。鉴于上述理论,在Visual C++的平台下,研制了卫星颤振探测分析系统,设计了以计算机性能优化的图像分块并行算法。测试结果表明,该软件能有效探测出0.1像元偏移的卫星姿态颤振,并可对规律性颤振进行建模和补偿,有较好的稳定性和并行效率。其已成功应用于资源三号卫星地面应用系统,并可扩展于其他卫星系统的颤振探测分析。     

不同分辨率遥感影像的钢铁厂识别适宜性研究

钢铁行业是主要污染源之一。钢铁企业违法建设行为时有发生,给生态环境带来巨大压力。为提高环境监察部门执法能力,保障生态环境安全,开展基于遥感技术的钢铁企业违法建设核查研究具有重要意义。本研究以石家庄地区为例,分析将遥感技术应用于核查钢铁企业违法建设行为的可行性,并提出不同核查任务的最低影像分辨率需求。首先,选择不同规模代表性钢铁企业,开展遥感特征解译分析,建立解译知识库;其次,研究不同规模钢铁企业遥感解译标志在不同分辨率遥感影像下的可识别性;最后,根据不同核查任务,提出各任务对影像分辨率的需求。结果表明：（1）高炉、煤气柜、电除尘器、储料区是钢铁厂遥感识别的重要特征;（2）对于批小建大行为、正在建设的未批先建行为的遥感核查,最低影像分辨率需求为：大型企业2 m全色影像,中型企业1 m全色影像,小型企业0.5 m全色影像;（3）对于在敏感区已建成未批先建行为的遥感核查,最低影像分辨率需求为：大型钢铁企业2 m全色影像,中型企业2 m全色影像配合5 m多光谱影像,小型企业0.5 m全色影像配合5 m多光谱影像;（4）对于非敏感区已建成未批先建行为的遥感核查,最低影像分辨率需求为5 m多光谱影像。     

民族餐馆中的主客角色冲突 ——以丽江白沙村为例

文章以社会角色与角色冲突的相关理论为指导,以云南丽江白沙村的2个纳西族民族餐馆为研究对象,对当地居民与游客在互动过程中的角色冲突进行质性研究。研究发现,当地少数民族居民与汉族游客在互动过程中存在多种角色冲突。除东道主和游客各自存在角色内冲突现象外,双方之间还存在2种角色间冲突的现象。互动双方在处理这些角色冲突的过程中,既反映出当地居民对经济利益的诉求,也反映出当地居民与游客在互动过程中的地位与权力关系。     

适用于注气储层描述的单砂体解剖技术

国内外实践已经证明二氧化碳驱油是一种成功的提高油藏采收率的技术。由于气体的易流动性,注气过程中往往存在气窜的问题。单砂体精细解剖技术是研究储层非均质性的一种重要方法。在密井网资料基础上,以高分辨率层序地层学原理为指导,采用层次界面分析技术,分析隔夹层分布模式及砂体叠置模式,刻画单砂体在三维空间的展布规模及形态。 依据能量单元研究方法,建立高渗条带划分标准,刻画高渗条带分布范围,预测注气井组气窜方向和规模,为注气调剖提供依据。另外,基于单砂体精细解剖和气窜优势通道评价方法,建立了适用于注 气储层单砂体精细解剖的技术流程,该技术能够科学地解决注气过程中气窜问题,同时为精细表征储层非均质性研究方法提供借鉴。