含衰减地层微地震震源机制反演及其反演分辨率

微地震震源机制的反演对于非常规油气开发具有至关重要的作用.微地震信号主频高、能量小,容易受地层吸收衰减作用的影响使其波形发生畸变,本文提出了一种考虑地层吸收衰减作用的微震源机制反演方法,并利用费雷谢偏导矩阵的SVD分解(特征值分解)方法,分析研究了地层的吸收衰减因子的变化对于微地震震源机制反演分辨率的影响,根据理论计算给出了不同地震数据对各种震源机制反演的适用条件.理论计算证明,采用直达P波和S波数据联合反演震源的T值,单独利用直达P波反演震源的k值,可以有效降低地层吸收衰减作用对反演结果的影响.     

Soil moisture dynamics at high temporal resolution in a semiarid Mediterranean watershed with scattered tree cover

Subsurface water flows play a key role in the distribution of water and solutes and thereby in the water availability for plants. However, the characterization of different flow processes (i.e. matrix and preferential flow), the frequency and factors that cause them, is relatively rare. This characterization enables a better understanding of spatio‐temporal variability of water resources and allows for the design of models to be improved. Using a method based on the time derivative of soil moisture variation known as maximum wetting slope, types of soil wetting processes were classified and quantified. For this, capacitance sensors, which registered the volumetric water content at high temporal resolution (30 min) for more than two hydrological years, were installed at different depths and placed in soil moisture stations with different vegetation covers, lithology and topographic position. Results indicated that there is a general behaviour or pattern of soil moisture dynamics in the catchment with a dominant occurrence of slower soil wetting processes (>50%), caused by matrix flows, and a low occurrence of those faster processes (<30%), originated by preferential flows. Nevertheless, when the total volume of water is considered, preferential flow becomes the dominant process, so that the ecological role of both flow types becomes prominent in water‐limited environments. Statistical multivariate analyses based on data‐mining techniques proved that although both flow types depend on variables associated with precipitation and antecedent soil moisture conditions, faster soil wetting processes are mainly related to variables such as rainfall intensity and topography, while slower soil wetting processes are related to flow velocity, soils or vegetation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于信息损失量的坡度精度分析

从DEM中可获取众多地形因子。其中,坡度作为基本的地形因子,其精度对于退耕还林、水土流失评估等研究具有重要影响。但是,由于DEM只能是真实地表形态的近似表达。如何模拟坡度误差的规律成为研究的热点。本文在黄土高原地区选取代表不同地貌类型的神木、绥德、延川、富县和宜君5个研究样区,以1:1万地形图为基本数据源,建立不同分辨率的DEM,用以分析坡度信息损失量随DEM分辨率变化的规律。故此,提出了基于单个栅格方式的坡度信息量损失指标,并在每一样区随机选取的20个子实验样区得到了其与DEM分辨率的函数关系,以及相关的经验公式,据此求得所需的最适宜DEM分辨率,并在每一样区随机地选取16个子样区进行了检验。     

基于高光谱数据的气象卫星成像仪红外通道模拟仿真

采用基于光谱匹配的计算方法开展红外通道模拟仿真,该方法利用高光谱大气探测仪的实际观测数据来模拟气象卫星成像仪红外通道观测目标亮温.利用高光谱大气探测仪(IASI)的实际观测数据,进行了2010年2月14日12:57(UTC)、2010年2月15日00:57(UTC)、2010年5月2日12:57(UTC)MTSAT-1R卫星成像仪(JAMI)红外通道的模拟仿真.结果显示:JAMI 4个红外通道的模拟亮温与观测亮温偏差平均值的绝对值都小于1K,模拟亮温与观测亮温的相关系数都大于0.93,表明这种基于高光谱数据的方法可用于气象卫星成像仪红外通道的模拟仿真.进而利用IASI的观测数据进行了 2010年11月6个时刻FY-2E卫星成像仪(VISSR)红外通道的模拟仿真,并将通道模拟数据与GSICS定标的观测数据以及与业务定标的观测数据相比,结果表明:2010年11月期间,FY-2E卫星成像仪IR2、IR3、IR4通道的GSICS定标比业务定标有明显的改进.     

一种基于去混叠影像配准方法的POCS超分辨率序列图像重建

简要介绍超分辨率重建的原理和数学模型,采用一种新的超分辨率重建算法,这种算法通过去除低分辨率影像由于欠采样而产生的频率混叠部分以及频率中心的部分低频,来实现图像的精确配准;在计算旋转角度时,通过在图像中心建立极坐标系,求取设定角度精度范围内关于幅度谱的函数,将2维的相关函数转换成1维相关,大大提高计算效率;最后该算法采用POCS方法进行序列图像的高分辨率重建。实验仿真结果表明该算法具有良好的配准精度和超分辨率重建效果,具有良好的应用价值。     

DGPS水下立体定位系统的解析求解算法

差分GPS水下立体定位系统通过测量目标到两个浮标的距离差来进行空间定位,由于这种双曲线定位模型在进行迭代计算时容易发散,所以本文根据空间浮标和目标的空间几何关系,提出了一种空间双曲线交会的直接算法,该方法能够直接求解目标点的空间坐标,且不存在定位结果的发散问题。     

GPS三频非差观测数据周跳的自动探测与改正研究

在GPS三频非差观测数据的处理中,由于伪距噪声的影响,利用原始的伪距和载波相位观测数据估计的模糊度误差比较大,不能用于探测和改正周跳。对原始观测数据进行平滑或适当的组合处理,可降低观测噪声的影响。因此,本文选择合适的经过平滑或组合处理后的观测数据作为探测周跳的检验量,探测并改正单个频点上的周跳。在分析了一般周跳的特点并在研究双频周跳自动探测与改正方法基础上,提出了选取检验量的四条基本原则。最后,依此原则选取了三个观测值组合作为周跳检验量,利用该组检验量实现三频非差观测数据周跳的自动探测与改正。     

An Effective Configuration of Ensemble Size and Horizontal Resolution for the NCEP GEFS

Two important questions are addressed in this paper using the Global Ensemble Forecast System(GEFS) from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP):(1) How many ensemble members are needed to better represent forecast uncertainties with limited computational resources?(2) What is the relative impact on forecast skill of increasing model resolution and ensemble size? Two-month experiments at T126L28 resolution were used to test the impact of varying the ensemble size from 5 to 80 members at the 500hPa geopotential height.Results indicate that increasing the ensemble size leads to significant improvements in the performance for all forecast ranges when measured by probabilistic metrics,but these improvements are not significant beyond 20 members for long forecast ranges when measured by deterministic metrics.An ensemble of 20 to 30 members is the most effective configuration of ensemble sizes by quantifying the tradeoff between ensemble performance and the cost of computational resources.Two representative configurations of the GEFS-the T126L28 model with 70 members and the T190L28 model with 20 members,which have equivalent computing costs-were compared.Results confirm that,for the NCEP GEFS,increasing the model resolution is more(less) beneficial than increasing the ensemble size for a short(long) forecast range.     

1∶10000 DRG更新及文件输出方式

在利用现有1∶10 000地形图转换作业时,传统的纸质、胶片等地形图需要经过数字化处理后,才能获得内容、几何精度和色彩与原图保持一致的栅格数据;简单阐述了2种DRG更新的方法以及文件输出方式。     

AutoCAD中常见问题的解决办法

AutoCAD是测绘行业在绘图方面使用最广泛的软件之一,本文根据笔者几年来在绘图工作中使用该软件所遇到的问题,经过总结归纳得出一些解决的办法,供大家在工作中参考。