“天人合一”观的当代科技意义与价值

“天人调谐”、“天人合一”观朴素地表达了人与自然、人与社会的辩证统一关系；强调在对事物的观察、研究中，注重事物的整体性、综合性、协调和统一性；要求科学活动注重人伦，强调“人和”，严密纪律，崇尚集体协作。这种科学观构成中国传统文化的重要内容，表现出中国传统科学观的独特品格，不仅曾引导了中国古代科学技术走向世界，指导中国近代科技走出低谷，并且与当代世界科技发展的整体化、社会化趋势相一致，能够成为科技事     

多元系统耦合多新息随机梯度类辨识方法

针对多元线性回归系统,利用耦合辨识概念和多新息辨识理论,讨论了多元随机梯度算法、多元多新息随机梯度算法,以及变递推间隔多元多新息梯度算法,进一步分解多元系统为一些子系统,给出了耦合子系统随机梯度算法、耦合随机梯度算法、耦合子系统多新息随机梯度算法、耦合多新息随机梯度算法,并将这些方法推广到多元伪线性滑动平均系统和多元伪线性自回归滑动平均系统.文中给出了几个典型耦合随机梯度算法、耦合多新息随机梯度算法的计算步骤和示意图.     

Vegetation geo-climatic zonation in the rocky mountains,Northern Utah,USA

We developed a vegetation geo-climatic zonation incorporating the zonal concept, gradient and discriminant analysis in Wasatch Range, northern Utah, USA. Mountainous forest ecosystems were sampled and described by vegetation, physiographic features and soil properties. The Snowpack Telemetry and National Weather Service Cooperative Observer Program weather station networks were used to approximate the climate of sample plots. We analysed vegetation and environmental data using clustering, ordination, classification, and ANOVA techniques to reveal environmental gradients affecting a broad vegetation pattern and discriminate these gradients. The specific objective was to assess and classify the response of the complex vegetation to those environmental factors operating at a coarse-scale climatic level. Ordination revealed the dominant role of regional, altitude-based climate in the area. Based on vegetation physiognomy, represented by five tree species, climatic data and taxonomic classification of zonal soils, we identified two vegetation geo-climatic zones： （1） a montane zone, with Rocky Mountain juniper and Douglas-fir; and （2） a subalpine zone, with Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir as climatic climax species. Aspen was excluded from the zonation due to its great ecological amplitude. We found significant differences between the zones in regional climate and landformgeomorphology/soils. Regional climate was represented by elevation, precipitation, and air and soil temperatures; and geomorphology by soil types. This coarsescale vegetation geo-climatic zonation provides a framework for a comprehensive ecosystem survey, which is missing in the central Rocky Mountains of the United States. The vegetationgeoclimatic zonation represents a conceptual improvement on earlier classifications. This framework explicitly accounts for the influence of the physical environment on the distribution of vegetation within a complex landscape typical of the central Rocky Mountains and in mountain ranges elsewhere.     

我国专题地图集发展与趋势分析

专题地图集伴随着社会经济变革而发展,其服务功能已经扩大到政府决策、经济建设和民众生活等领域,在当代社会生活中发挥了越来越重要的作用。文章分析了新中国成立以来专题地图集发展过程与历史趋势,探讨了新时期专题地图集选题思想和设计理念的变化。     

Regional runoff prediction through aggregation of first-order hydrological process knowledge: a case study

Abstract

The dominant processes concept was used to develop a regionally applicable rainfall—runoff model. The first-order runoff processes are identified through a combination of field investigations, physico-geographical analysis of the research area, the Alzette River basin in the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, and discharge data series analysis. Lithology appeared to be the major source of discrepancy in hydrological behaviour over the total area. As a result, the hydrological behaviour of each lithological substratum was characterized and conceptualized into a parsimonious model structure. The runoff signals were calibrated against the hourly-recorded discharge series of eight sub-basins, with parameter sensitivity and correlation analysis outlining the need for minor corrections to the model structure. Validation against another set of 10 sub-basins showed good results for the regional parameter set, with an average loss in efficiency (R_eff) of 0.04, compared to the reference model, with a mean R_eff of 0.79. Due to an up-scaling effect, inducing variations in the dominance of particular runoff processes, some anomalies were found in the performance of individual runoff characteristics. In this respect, limiting the application of the model to a certain spatial scale gives a high reliability of the prediction of the dynamics of hourly runoff in ungauged basins within the study area.     

高温岩石的扰动状态本构模型

诸多岩石工程都涉及高温岩石问题,开展高温下岩石的本构关系尤为必要.基于扰动状态概念理论,通过定义与温度相关的扰动函数,建立起高温岩石的扰动状态本构模型.利用高温下实施的花岗岩单轴压缩破坏试验,对建立的本构模型进行了检验.研究表明,所建立的本构模型能描述高温岩石的力学响应特性.     

Profile convexities in bedrock and alluvial streams

Longitudinal profiles of bedrock streams in central Kentucky, and of coastal plain streams in southeast Texas, were analyzed to determine the extent to which they exhibit smoothly concave profiles and to relate profile convexities to environmental controls. None of the Kentucky streams have smoothly concave profiles. Because all observed knickpoints are associated with vertical joints, if they are migrating it either occurs rapidly between vertical joints, or migrating knickpoints become stalled at structural features. These streams have been adjusting to downcutting of the Kentucky River for at least 1.3 Ma, suggesting that the time required to produce a concave profile is long compared to the typical timescale of environmental change. A graded concave longitudinal profile is not a reasonable prediction or benchmark condition for these streams. The characteristic profile forms of the Kentucky River gorge area are contingent on a particular combination of lithology, structure, hydrologic regime, and geomorphic history, and therefore do not represent any general type of equilibrium state. Few stream profiles in SE Texas conform to the ideal of the smoothly, strongly concave profile. Major convexities are caused by inherited topography, geologic controls, recent and contemporary geomorphic processes, and anthropic effects. Both the legacy of Quaternary environmental change and ongoing changes make it unlikely that consistent boundary conditions will exist for long. Further, the few exceptions within the study area–i.e., strongly and smoothly concave longitudinal profiles–suggest that ample time has occurred for strongly concave profiles to develop and that such profiles do not necessarily represent any mutual adjustments between slope, transport capacity, and sediment supply. The simplest explanation of any tendency toward concavity is related to basic constraints on channel steepness associated with geomechanical stability and minimum slopes necessary to convey flow. This constrained gradient concept (CGC) can explain the general tendency toward concavity in channels of sufficient size, with minimal lithological constraints and with sufficient time for adjustment. Unlike grade- or equilibrium-based theories, the CGC results in interpretations of convex or low-concavity profiles or reaches in terms of local environmental constraints and geomorphic histories rather than as “disequilibrium” features.     

场地卓越周期与结构基本周期关系研究

本文从抗震概念设计的背景出发,认为抗震设计应充分考虑结构与地基耦合作用的影响,其中结构和场地的频率关系是十分重要的。根据地震作用是瞬态冲击的特性,在理论上和数值上分析了结构自振周期与场地卓越周期在不同比值情况下对结构抗震性能的影响,提出两个周期之间存在最优比值T=3Tg×β。当结构与场地频率满足最优比值时,结构的抗震性能最佳,它可以作为抗震概念设计中的参考准则。此外,进行了各种框架结构在地震作用下的时程分析,验证了此最优比值的合理性。