条件平差和间接平差模型应满足的两个等式关系

条件平差和间接平差法是两种最基本的测量数据处理的方法,在整个工科数据处理中得到了广泛应用.但是,实践中,一些工程人员对这两种平差方法的区别与联系并不十分了解.本文基于最小二乘准则解的本质,推导出了条件平差法与间接平差法系数阵和常数项间应满足的两个等式关系,有助于广大工程人员理解这两种测量平差的本质与联系.     

Estimation of parameters in a split functional model of geodetic observations (<Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>split</Subscript> estimation)

The paper presents a method of estimating parameters in two competitive functional models. The models considered here are concerned with the same observation set and are based on the assumption that an observation may result from a realization of either of two different random variables. These variables differ from one another at least in the main characteristic (for example, outliers can be realizations of one variable). A quantity that describes the opportunity of identifying a single observation with one random variable is assumed to be known. That quantity, called the elementary split potential, is strictly referred to the amount of information that an observation can provide about two competitive assumptions concerning the observation distribution. Parameter assessments that maximize the global elementary split potential (concerning all observations), are called M _split estimators. A generalization of M _split estimation presented in the paper refers to the theoretical foundation of M-estimation. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Singular value decomposition and cluster analysis as regression diagnostics tools for geodetic applications

It is well known that high-leverage observations significantly affect the estimation of parameters. In geodetic literature, mainly redundancy numbers are used for the detection of single high-leverage observations or of single redundant observations. In this paper a further objective method for the detection of groups of important and less important (and thus redundant) observations is developed. In addition, the parameters which are predominantly affected by these groups of observations are identified. This method thus complements other diagnostics tools, such as, e.g., multiple row diagnostics methods as described in statistical literature (see, e.g., Belsley et al. in Regression diagnostics: identifying influential data and sources of collinearity. Wiley, New York, 1980). The method proposed in this paper is based on geometric aspects of adjustment theory and uses the singular value decomposition of the design matrix of an adjustment problem together with cluster analysis methods for regression diagnostics. It can be applied to any geodetic adjustment problem and can be used for the detection of (groups of) observations that significantly affect the estimated parameters or that are of negligible impact. One of the advantages of the proposed method is the improvement of the reliability of observation plans and thus the reduction of the impact of individual observations (and outliers) on the estimated parameters. This is of particular importance for the very long baseline interferometry technique which serves as an application example of the regression diagnostics tool.     

网形不一致的工程控制网稳定性分析

对于施工周期较长的大型工程,通常需要对控制网进行定期复测和稳定性分析。控制网复测期间,有时会遇到点位破坏或增设新点等情况,从而使两期控制网的网形不一致。针对控制网无固定起算点和网形改变的问题,讨论控制网的稳定性分析方法,并进行实例分析,为控制网的正确使用提供重要保证。     

基于全站仪观测数据的三维平差模型及数据处理

建立基于全站仪多维观测数据的三维网平差模型,用VisualBasic语言编制计算程序,使其自动完成控制网的平差,解决实际应用中全站仪采集数据和成果处理中存在的问题,指导测绘生产,使全站仪更方便地用于地形控制测量、工程控制测量等测绘工程中。     

二次平差法在测距仪精度估计中的应用

测距仪标称精度一般是根据基线场上的检测结果确定的,由于仪器检测时的条件与工程现场条件不一致,因而标称精度不能反映观测实际精度,以标称精度定权处理观测数据,影响测量成果的质量;在工程实际中,若多余观测边较多,运用二次平差法进行测距仪精度估计,可正确反映仪器实际观测精度,为仪器性能判别及数据处理提供客观依据。     

DZJ2激光垂准仪使用方法及指标的校正

介绍了DZJ2激光垂准仪的性能及基本指标的校正方法,为用户在使用DZJ2激光垂准仪过程中几种基本指标参数的校正提供参考.     

导线网坐标差观测值相关平差方法研究

提出了利用普通间接平差和相关间接平差两种平差方法相结合,进行以坐标差作为观测值进行导线网相关平差的方法.在该平差方法中,利用普通的简介平差原理推求出坐标差观测值的相关协因数阵,并以此作为已知数据进行以坐标差观测值作为观测值的导线网的相关平差.     

基于全站仪工程控制测量的三维间接平差法

目前,利用高精度全站仪三维坐标测量功能建立三维工程控制网已成为一种趋势。针对这一问题的观测数据处理,提出了一种考虑平面观测数据和高程观测数据二者间整体性的三维间接平差方法,详细推导了水平角误差方程,天项距误差方程,斜距误差方程等关键步骤,较之已有的方法,严密性和实用性更强,具有一定的参考价值。     

方差分量估计的MINQE理论及其在摄影测量中的应用

本文深入研究了异方差分量模型的MINQE(U,I)准则的算法实现的可能性,所导出的约化算法具有压缩内存,提高运算速度等明显优点,因而具有实用意义。文中介绍了实现约化算法的计算机程序框图,并提供了数据例子。作者将方差分量估计的MINQE理论引入解析摄影测量平差实践,分别采用模拟数据和新滩滑坡监测数据研究了自检校光束法平差中随机模型的确定,结果表明,MINQE理论用于自检校的验后权估计是可行的。最后,作者就平差随机模型的扩展,以及MINQE理论的应用提出了进一步研究的几点设想。