A STUDY OF CLOUD-SYSTEM MODEL:MACRO AND MICRO STRUCTURE SIMULATION OF CLOUD FIELD*

The macro and micro cloud physics structures and their evolution with time are the core of describing cloud fields in essence.They are necessary atmospheric environment not only in aviation and spaceflight activities but also for atmospheric radiation transfer and acid rain formation research.Unfortunately it is difficult to obtain an entire environmental cloud field by using observation methods directly.Thus,by use of computation physics method to build a cloud-systemmodel may be an indispensable way for this topic.This paper presented a cloud-system model for this goal,and simulated a real case.The results of computation showed that the macro structure of the cloud field was better consistent with real observation,and the micro structure was fairly reasonable.The output of model could provide all the information about the cloud field:(1)size-distribution spectrum of hydrometeor particles(point),(2)vertical profile(line),(3)horizontal or vertical section of macro and micro parameters(surface),and(4)cloud cover,pattern of cloud and configuration of cloud,etc.(body).     

自忆预报模式中记忆特性的探讨

运用有限振幅斜压波的截谱方程对自忆模式中的的记忆性进行了理论探讨。推导了相应的自忆性方程,在给定记忆函数呈线性和指数衰减型时求出了它的解析解,并讨论了这些解的物理意义和预报含意;证明了零解自忆性方程与记忆函数形式无关。通过计算遗忘因子,对动力可预报性和回溯阶等问题进行了讨论,并指出可将其统一纳入大气记忆理论的框架中。     

移动性热岛边界层特征的数值研究

用二维非静力完全弹性的中－γ尺度数值模式模拟了移动性热岛的大气边界层特征。试验中，热岛移速取为４ｍ·ｓ＾－１，热岛强度取△θｇ＝６０Ｋ和３０Ｋ两种。△θｇ＝６０Ｋ时，在热岛后方出现了强烈的垂直运动并形成了水平尺度为３－５ｋｍ的局地环流，最大上升速度１００ｃｍ·ｓ＾－１，出现在低层３００－４００ｍ高度；△θｇ＝３０Ｋ时，移动热岛的边界效应比前大为减弱，且不再出现闭合的局地环流。     

T63L16谱模式水汽初始场的处理和试验

在T63L16谱模式中,初始输入的水汽场,经展谱后,垂直各层一般出现2％～8％的负水汽点。为了克服这一负水汽现象,我们采用了“逐步循环订正法”对初值进行了一些特别处理。经实例计算表明,其效果明显,不仅负水汽现象得以克服,而且对各层水汽场的水平分布不会带来明显的变化。     

气象条件对小麦白粉病发生影响的研究

这１０多年来江苏省代表站的小麦白粉病始病期、严重率和同期的气象资料,采用滑动相关普查方法,分析了气象条件对白粉病发生的影响作用,发现对白粉病始病期和严重率有着显著的影响,但影响作用具有阶段性和区域性。在此基础上建立了白粉病的预报模式。     

包含正定水汽高精度算法的MM5模式的暴雨实例试验

本文首先对非静力中尺度模式ＭＭ５的水汽输送方案作了半理想试验。结果显示,ＭＭ５原有的水汽平 流输送算法在水汽梯度较大的地方产生水汽负值,影响模式的模拟结果和模式的稳定性,对此,本文把一个正定的水汽输送算法Ｐｒａｔｈｅｒ算法引入ＭＭ５,并用实例作了数值试验,检验了模式的模拟能力,结果表明,对ＭＭ５的改进是敏感的有效的,Ｐｒａｔｈｅｒ格式增强了模式暴雨落区,暴雨中心的模拟能力。     

不均匀植被分布对地表面和大气边界层影响的数值试验

研究陆地与大气间相互作用的方法之一是建立联系地表面层与大气间各种过程的数值模式进行模拟。本文是建立一个陆面过程与二维大气边界层相耦合的模式,耦合模式中包含了发生在大气边界层、植被冠层和土壤表层各种动力、热力和水文过程。运用这一模式模拟了荒漠环境中一片绿洲的不均匀地表面形成的局地气候。由于绿洲植被与周围荒漠有着显著不同的水份与能量平衡关系,使绿洲表面与边界层较四周荒漠冷而湿,并形成了相应的局地环流,即所谓“绿洲效应”。试验结果表明,模拟的气候状况与观测现象是一致的。模式可以用于陆气相互作用的研究。     

用非线性模型研究环境温度场和涡度场对台风发生、发展的影响

本文采用二维板对称高截断谱模式研究了环境温度场和偶度场对台风发生、发展的影响，指出整层平均的环境温度场的水平梯度和涡度场是影响台风重要因子。较强的环境温度汤梯度的作用类似于水平方向不均匀加热场的作用，能造成暖区上升、冷区下沉的热力直接环流，并且温度场的梯度越大，环流越强。对于整层平均的绝对涡度场而言，只有弱的正的平均绝对涡度才有利于台风的维持。     

The Dynamical Influence of Land－Sea Contrast and Sea Surface Temperature on Intraseasonal Oscillation in Tropical Atmosphere

An equatorial β-plane model which includes realistic non-uniform land-sea contrast and the underlying surface temperature distribution is used to simulate the 30-60 day oscillation (LFO) processes in tropical atmosphere, with emphasis on its longitude-dependent evolution and convective seesaw between Indian and the western Pacific oceans.The model simulated the twice-amplification of the disturbances over Indian and the western Pacific oceans while they are travelling eastward. It reproduced the dipole structure caused by the out-of-phase oscillation of the active centres in these two areas and the periodical transition between the phases of LFO. It is suggested that the convective seesaw is the result of interaction of the internal dynamics of tropical atmosphere with the zonally non-uniform thermal forcing from underlying surface. The convective activities are suppressed over Indonesia mari-time continents whilst they are favoured over the Indian Ocean and western Pacific warm waters, so there formed two active oscillation centres. The feedback of convection with large-scale flow slows down the propagation of disturb-ances when they are intensifying over these two areas, therefore they manifest a kind of quasi-stationary component to favor the ‘dipole’ structure. Whereas the disturbances weaken and speed up over the eastern Pacific cold water re-gion due to the interaction of sensible heating and evaporation with perturbational wind. Therefore the two major centers just show out-of-phase oscillation during onecycle around the latitudinal beltBy introducing the SST anomalies in El Ni?o and La Ni?a years into the surface temperature, we also show that they have significant influence on LFO processes. In an anomalously warm year, the LFO disturbances dissipate more slowly over the central-eastern Pacific region and can travel farther eastward; whilst in an anomalously cold year, the opposite is true.     

全球气侯长期振动的Fokker-Planck方程及其求解

假定行星反照率为温度的平方关系，导出了零维随机动力气候模式。对相应的ＦｏｋｋｅｒＰｌａｎｃｋ方程用矩阵连分法求解，得到了１０万年，４万年，２万年气候周期的本征值和本征向量。数值计算表明，在随机噪声强度Ｄ＝１．９５时，１０万年气候振动具有最大的振幅，即Ｍｉｌａｎｋｏｖｉｔｃｈ理论无法解释的１０万年周期。