Combined satellite altimetry and shipborne gravimetry data processing

The recovery of quantities related to the gravity field (i.e., geoid heights and gravity anomalies) is carried out in a test area of the central Mediterranean Sea using 5' × 5' marine gravity data and satellite altimeter data from the Geodetic Mission (GM) of ERS‐J. The optimal combination of the two heterogeneous data sources is performed using (1) the space‐domain least‐squares collocation (LSC) method, and (2) the frequency‐domain input‐output system theory (IOST). The results derived by these methods agree at the level of 2 cm in terms of standard deviation in the case of the geoid height prediction. The gravity anomaly prediction results by the same methods vary between 2.18 and 2.54 mGal in terms of standard deviation. In all cases, the spectral techniques have a much higher computational efficiency than the collocation procedure. In order to investigate the importance of satellite altimetry for gravity field modeling, a pure gravimetric geoid solution, carried out in a previous study for our lest area by the fast collocation approach (FCOL), is used in comparison with the combined geoid models. The combined solutions give more accurate results, at the level of about 15 cm in terms of standard deviation, than the gravimetric geoid solution, when the geoid heights derived by each method are compared with TOPEX altimeter sea surface heights (SSHs). Moreover, nonisotropic power spectral density functions (PSDs) can be easily used by IOST, while LSC requires isotropic covariance functions. The results show that higher prediction accuracies are always obtained when using a priori nonisotropic information instead of isotropic information.     

Improvement in the Determination of the Marine Geoid by Estimating the Bathymetry from Altimetry and Depth Soundings

Abstract

The contribution of bathymetry to the estimation of gravity field related quantities is investigated in an extended test area in the Mediterranean Sea. The region is located southwest of the island of Crete, Greece, bounded between 33^? ≤ ? ≤ 35^? and 15^? ≤ λ ≤ 25^?. Gravity anomalies from the KMS99 gravity field and shipborne depth soundings are used with a priori statistical characteristics of depths in a least-squares collocation procedure to estimate a new bathymetry model. Two different global bathymetry models, namely JGP95E and Sandwell and Smith V8, are used to derive the depth a priori statistical information, while the estimated model is compared against both the global ones and the shipborne depth soundings to assess whether there is an improvement. Various marine geoid models are estimated using ERS1 and GEOSAT Geodetic Mission altimetry and shipborne gravity data. In that process, the effect of the bathymetry is computed using both the estimated and the original depths through a residual terrain modeling reduction. The TOPEX/Poseidon Sea Surface Heights, known for their high accuracy and precision, and the GEOMED solution for the geoid in the Mediterranean are used as control for the validation of the new geoid models and to assess the improvement that the estimated depths offer to geoid modeling. The results show that the newly estimated bathymetry agrees better (by about 30 to 300 m) with the shipborne depth soundings and provides smoother residual geoid heights and gravity anomalies (by about 8–20%) than those from global models. Finally, the achieved accuracy in geoid modeling ranges between 6 and 10 cm (1σ).     

利用PPP分析GPS天线积雪引起的信号传播延迟

分析了GPS天线积雪对载波信号场强、功率的影响,推导了载波信号传播延迟的简化计算公式,利用精密单点定位(PPP)计算了测站在GPS天线积雪产生和消除前后的单日解。结果显示,天线积雪使得天线相位中心产生偏移,对平面和高程方向的影响为数个cm,甚至更大。     

驾驶员科目二考试电子考场防雷防护技术探讨

驾驶员电子考试是公安部要推广的考试办法,但对于这类的考试场地的防雷防护设计介绍较少,对于广西沿海高雷区的考场的电子设备的防雷防护设计进行分析,找出存在一些问题,并提出相应对策。     

贵州省喀斯特山区植被恢复的物种选择现状分析

喀斯特山区生态系统的恢复和重建,已经成为决定西南地区环境、经济和社会能否持续发展的关键问题,其中植被的生态恢复无疑是极为基础和重要的环节之一,物种选择又是重中之重．通过互联网搜索、文献阅读和野外实地考察,针对喀斯特分布极广且石漠化最为严重的贵州省,本研究调查和分析了喀斯特山区植被生态恢复过程中所选择的物种分布现状,对其恢复效果进行了初步评价,希望能对西南喀斯特山区的生态恢复,尤其是对即将全面铺开的石漠化综合治理提供参考和建议．结果表明：在贵州省78个岩溶县（市、区）的328个地点,共调查收集到用于植被恢复的物种87种,其中生态林物种26种（主要是松、杉、柏、香椿、杨树和车桑子等）,经济林物种47种,包括26种药用植物（太子参、天麻等）和其他21种经济林物种（茶、油茶、梨、桃、李、板栗等）,另外有牧草14种（白花三叶草、黑麦草、紫花苜蓿等）．这些物种聚集或零散种植在不同的喀斯特石漠化综合治理大区：A区（黔西高原山地）、B区（黔中丘原山地）、C区（黔东低山丘陵）和D区（无石漠化）．就恢复效果而言,油茶、茶、中药材、花卉栽培及草地畜牧业均显示出了规模化、产业化发展的良好势头,板栗、核桃、花椒、桃、梨等经济林物种也在其生长适宜地取得了良好的生态和经济效益．然而,植被生态恢复中所营造的人工林,均存在树种单一、物种配置简单、经营粗放等问题,林分的整体功能和生态、经济效益较低,亟待进行改造;不同喀斯特石漠化综合治理区域也需要采取不同的物种配置措施．     

NEHRP soil classification and estimation of 1-D site effect of Dehradun fan deposits using shear wave velocity

Shear wave velocity of the near surface soil at nearly 50 sites in the sub Himalayan mountain exit covering Doon fan deposits, was determined using Multi-channel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW), a seismic reflection technique. Based on the average shear wave velocity of the upper 30 m soil column, sites in the Dehradun fan are predominantly classified as class ‘D’ (180–360 m/s). Similarly, sites located on the northwestern, eastern and southeastern sides of the fan deposit have shear wave velocities (in the upper 30 m soil) greater than 360 m/s, thereby classifying them as class ‘C’ (360–760 m/s) in accordance with NEHRP provisions. Some of the sites towards the southwestern side of the fan deposits had average shear wave velocities less than 180 m/s and could be classified as soil class ‘E’. One dimensional site effects, including amplification and dynamic period were calculated for the majority of the sites. However, some of the representative suite of sites across the north–south profile of Dehradun fan has been discussed here. Although the attenuation is greater on the southwestern side of the Dehradun fan deposits (i.e. thicker, low velocity sediments) and the sites had been classified as class ‘D’ and ‘E’ but the site amplification tends to be greater in the northern and northwestern part of the city due to large impedance contrast with in the near surface soils.     

垃圾渗滤液污染场地NO_3~-、PO_4~(3-)和SO_4~(2-)对微生物活性的影响

通过实验研究垃圾渗滤液污染场地N、S、P和湿度等因素对微生物活性的影响.结果表明：同时添加N和P后,土壤和细砂中微生物活性分别在第7 天和第14 天达到最大值0.685和0.588,有机质质量分数分别降低了10.97%和22.1%,平均降解速率分别为0.405和0.190 mg/(kg·d);添加NO_3~-后,土壤和细砂中有机质质量分数分别减少了10.3%和28.9%;添加SO_4~(2-)后,土壤和细砂中有机质质量分数分别减少了8.87%和28.4%;另外,湿度为50%和60%时,土壤中微生物活性的最大值分别为0.259和0.266,有机质平均分解速率分别为0.195和0.305 mg/(kg·d).因此,N、S、P和湿度对地下环境中微生物的活性有重要影响.     

Petrophysical behaviour and durability of the Miocene sandstones used in the architectural heritage of Tunisia (Roman aqueduct of Oued Miliane and Uthina Roman site)

In the present work, the relationship between intrinsic factors, mechanical properties and durability of Miocene sandstones used in the architectural heritage of Tunisia, specifically in the Roman aqueduct of Oued Miliane and Uthina site, are studied. The petrographic study and the characterisation of porous network have been carried out using optical microscopy, mercury intrusion porosimetry and laser scanner confocal microscopy (LSCM). The hygric behaviour has also been determined from water absorption under vacuum, drying, capillary water absorption and water vapour permeability. The mechanical properties have been assessed from compressive strength and abrasion tests. Rock durability has been evaluated from salt crystallization (sodium sulphate) accelerated aging tests. The results show good hygric behaviour characterised by a high evaporation rate and almost no retention of water; due to the macroporous character of the rock and the good connectivity of the pore network. Because of the poor lithification, the stone has a very low mechanical strength which makes it very vulnerable to the salt crystallization effects. The absence of chemically unstable minerals preserves the rock from chemical alteration. The durability of the building stone is mainly conditioned by salt loading of the monument.