利用最小二乘配置在球面上整体解算GPS应变场的方法及应用

通过对位移与应变微分公式的分析,给出了球坐标系下应用最小二乘配置法由GPS数据整体解算应变场的方法.首先,对模拟数据的理论应变场与采用全部采样数据和随机抽取50%限定采样数据的应变场结果的对比分析,初步验证了最小二乘配置球面整体解应变场方法的有效性.然后,利用1999~2001和2001~2004两期中国大陆区域网GPS速度场数据给出了基于最小二乘配置球面解获得的应变率场结果,概要分析了此期间中国大陆应变率场的动态变化.最后,讨论了最小二乘配置在球面上计算应变场需要注意的问题和建议.     

XAS80到CGCS2000坐标转换的自适应拟合推估算法

借鉴自适应滤波思想,将相似变换作为坐标变换函数模型的趋势项,把模型变换后的残差看成随机场,通过自适应因子调整信号向量与观测向量的先验权比,尝试通过自适应拟合推估法进行坐标变换,并将其应用于1980西安坐标系(XAS80)到2000国家大地坐标系(CGCS2000)的坐标变换。计算结果表明,自适应拟合推估法的坐标变换结果精度明显优于相似变换结果和拟合推估变换结果。     

CINRAD/SC雷达观测参数合理配置问题研究

中国产CINRAD/SC新一代天气雷达的脉冲重复频率、脉冲采样数和天线扫描转速这3个观测参数均可由雷达使用者自行配置。雷达观测实践表明,这3个观测参数配置得正确、合理与否,将直接影响到雷达获取的基数据资料质量的优劣,进而可影响到雷达导出产品的质量。通过理论分析,得到了天气雷达脉冲重复频率、脉冲采样数和天线转速这3个可配置观测参数科学合理的配置规律。以此作为CINRAD/SC天气雷达相关参数的配置依据,获取的基数据质量可以得到提高。     

基于GNSS数据的三种应变计算方法在青藏高原东南缘地区的应用

利用GNSS速度场求解应变率的方法存在多元化特征,可以区分为数学方法和物理方法.本文选取求解应变率的三种数学方法:最小二乘配置法、多尺度球面小波法、Gussian加权内插法,对1999-2019年青藏高原东南缘(97°E～106°E,21°N～30°N)GNSS速度场以及均匀GNSS速度场进行解算,探讨以上三种方法在该...     

石羊河流域水资源利用现状及其持续利用对策研究

通过对石羊河流域水资源利用现状及存在问题的分析,认为流域水资源已经严重超载,进行流域综合治理已刻不容缓.针对流域面临严峻的水资源及生态环境问题,提出分抢救和治本两个阶段来解决问题,近期以抢救为重点.按照南护水源、中建绿洲、北防风沙的治理思路,实行治理上游、改造中游、拯救下游的流域综合治理,以遏制生态环境恶化的趋势为目标,以提高用水效率为核心,以流域水资源统一管理为保证,实现流域水资源的可持续利用,支撑经济社会的可持续发展,达到人与自然和谐共处.     

Gravity Anomaly Map over The Black Sea Using Corrected Sea Surface Heights from ERS1, ERS2 and Topex/Poseidon Satellite Altimetry Missions

Approximately nine-year data from ERS1, ERS2 and TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) satellite altimetry missions have been used for the recovery of gravity anomalies over the Black Sea. The Corrected Sea Surface Height product of Aviso/Altimetry has been proven to be homogeneous after a cross-over adjustment. The Least Squares Collocation method was applied in a so-called remove-restore procedure. The residual geoid heights, obtained by subtracting EGM96 geoid heights from cross-over adjusted sea surface heights, were inverted to recover residual gravity anomalies in a grid structure over the Black Sea. Finally, EGM96 free air gravity anomalies were added to the predicted residual gravity anomalies to obtain the free air gravity anomalies. In order to check the consistency with respect to an external source, these computed free air gravity anomalies were compared to ship gravity observations, and to alternative satellite altimetry derived gravity anomalies. Comparisons with the observed gravity data yielded that external consistency of the gravity anomalies computed in this study is about 3 mGal for individual ship tracks. Overall external consistency in the test area is 4.8 mGal. Comparison with other satellite altimetry derived gravity anomalies presented a good agreement.     

2015年12月乌鲁木齐极端暴雪成因分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP FNL（1o×1o）再分析资料以及卫星、雷达资料,对乌鲁木齐2015年12月10日-12日的极端暴雪天气过程的环流演变及暴雪产生和维持的机制进行了初步分析。结果表明：此次暴雪过程是欧洲脊发展推动乌拉尔山地区长波槽东移南压,同时配合低层风场的辐合切变、地面冷锋及地形强迫抬升等共同作用造成此次过程。500hPa偏南气流,700hPa、850hPa的偏北气流在乌鲁木齐的交汇有利于加强冷暖空气的汇合和水汽的聚集,为乌鲁木齐强降雪提供了有利的动力条件。各物理量场的配合及地形作用使得此次乌鲁木齐大暴雪持续时间长,降雪强度大;降雪前期乌鲁木齐逆温使不稳定能量集中释放;散度辐合中心最强时段及上升运动均与降雪时段对应,乌鲁木齐地形引起的强迫抬升为暴雪提供有利的垂直环流;水汽的主要来源为阿拉伯海及孟加拉湾,且水汽在中低层的辐合上升明显,水汽通量散度辐合中心的出现时间对本次乌鲁木齐大暴雪的最强降水时段有很好的指示意义。     

Improvement in the Determination of the Marine Geoid by Estimating the Bathymetry from Altimetry and Depth Soundings

The contribution of bathymetry to the estimation of gravity field related quantities is investigated in an extended test area in the Mediterranean Sea. The region is located southwest of the island of Crete, Greece, bounded between 33^ˆ ≤ ϕ ≤ 35^ˆ and 15^ˆ ≤ λ ≤ 25^ˆ. Gravity anomalies from the KMS99 gravity field and shipborne depth soundings are used with a priori statistical characteristics of depths in a least-squares collocation procedure to estimate a new bathymetry model. Two different global bathymetry models, namely JGP95E and Sandwell and Smith V8, are used to derive the depth a priori statistical information, while the estimated model is compared against both the global ones and the shipborne depth soundings to assess whether there is an improvement. Various marine geoid models are estimated using ERS1 and GEOSAT Geodetic Mission altimetry and shipborne gravity data. In that process, the effect of the bathymetry is computed using both the estimated and the original depths through a residual terrain modeling reduction. The TOPEX/Poseidon Sea Surface Heights, known for their high accuracy and precision, and the GEOMED solution for the geoid in the Mediterranean are used as control for the validation of the new geoid models and to assess the improvement that the estimated depths offer to geoid modeling. The results show that the newly estimated bathymetry agrees better (by about 30 to 300 m) with the shipborne depth soundings and provides smoother residual geoid heights and gravity anomalies (by about 8-20%) than those from global models. Finally, the achieved accuracy in geoid modeling ranges between 6 and 10 cm (1σ).     

Astronomical-topographic levelling using high-precision astrogeodetic vertical deflections and digital terrain model data

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, a technological change took place in geodetic astronomy by the development of Digital Zenith Camera Systems (DZCS). Such instruments provide vertical deflection data at an angular accuracy level of 0.̋1 and better. Recently, DZCS have been employed for the collection of dense sets of astrogeodetic vertical deflection data in several test areas in Germany with high-resolution digital terrain model (DTM) data (10–50 m resolution) available. These considerable advancements motivate a new analysis of the method of astronomical-topographic levelling, which uses DTM data for the interpolation between the astrogeodetic stations. We present and analyse a least-squares collocation technique that uses DTM data for the accurate interpolation of vertical deflection data. The combination of both data sets allows a precise determination of the gravity field along profiles, even in regions with a rugged topography. The accuracy of the method is studied with particular attention on the density of astrogeodetic stations. The error propagation rule of astronomical levelling is empirically derived. It accounts for the signal omission that increases with the station spacing. In a test area located in the German Alps, the method was successfully applied to the determination of a quasigeoid profile of 23 km length. For a station spacing from a few 100 m to about 2 km, the accuracy of the quasigeoid was found to be about 1–2 mm, which corresponds to a relative accuracy of about 0.05−0.1 ppm. Application examples are given, such as the local and regional validation of gravity field models computed from gravimetric data and the economic gravity field determination in geodetically less covered regions.     

Validation of the ESA CCI soil moisture product in China

The quality of a newly merged soil moisture product (ECV_SM v0.1) from active and passive microwave sensors has attracted widespread international attention. The performance evaluation of this product will benefit studies on climate, meteorology, agriculture, hydrology, ecology and the environment. In this study, meteorological station data and the Noah soil moisture product were used to validate the ECV_SM product in China. First, some conventional statistical measures, such as correlation coefficients, bias, root mean square difference (RMSD) and mean relative error (MRE), were computed to describe the level of agreement between the meteorological station data and ECV_SM values. The accuracy was moderately high (the correlation was significant at the 0.05 level), although the two datasets differed slightly for various types of land cover. Compared with cropland and urban and built-up areas, the performance of ECV_SM was best in grassland regions. Second, the triple collocation technique was used to assess the random error in the meteorological station data, Noah soil moisture product and ECV_SM product. The mean errors in these three datasets were 0.108, 0.079 and 0.075 m³ m⁻³, respectively, on July 8, 2010 and 0.099, 0.061 and 0.059 m³ m⁻³, respectively, on October 8, 2010. Only two days of data were used for the triple collocation test as a representative, but this cannot precisely indicate that the test results on any other day correspond with the test results on these two days. Additionally, a trend analysis of ECV_SM during 2003–2010 was carried out using the Mann–Kendall trend test.