内蒙古狼山地区晚志留世石英闪长岩的发现及其地质意义

内蒙古狼山山脉西侧分布零星的早古生代岩浆岩,晚志留世石英闪长岩主要出露于哈日音熬瑞一带。该岩体岩性为石英闪长岩,块状构造,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄显示,其~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄加权平均值为419.0±4.0~413.3±1.8Ma。岩石暗色矿物为黑云母,富铁(4.27%~4.65%)、富钠(4.17%~4.45%),富集大离子亲石元素Sr、K、Pb,不同程度亏损高场强元素P、Ti、Nb,轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素亏损,弱负Eu异常,这些特征与弧岩浆岩的地球化学特征相似;La/Ba-La/Nb图解显示俯冲交代地幔的源区特点;岩石负的ε_(Hf)(t)值(-12.1~-8.8)及较大的T_(DM2)值(1981~2362Ma)反映了古元古代古老地壳熔融的特点。花岗岩类构造判别图解及区域地质资料显示岩体形成于弧陆拼贴的构造背景。对比白乃庙地区新发现的晚志留世弧陆拼贴的石英闪长岩,两者的岩石地球化学特征及同位素特征基本一致,因此,华北地块北缘晚志留世弧陆拼贴作用向西延伸至狼山地区。     

Characteristics of tectonic deformation of the melange zone in the Lachlan Orogen along eastern coast of Australia

The Narooma-Batemans Bay (NBB) area along the southeast coast of Australia is a part of the eastern zone of the Early Paleozoic Lachlan Orogen. In the NBB, a set of rock association consisting of turbidites, siliceous rock, basic lava, and argillaceous melange zone is mainly developed. According to systematic field geological survey, the deformation of 3 stages (D1, D2, and D3) was identified in the NBB. At stage D1, with the original bedding S0 in a nearly east-west trending as the deformation plane, tight folds, isoclinal folds, and other structures formed in the NBB accompanied by structural transposition. As a result, crenulation cleavage developed along the axial plane of the folds and schistosity S1 formed. At stage D2, with north-south-trending schistosity S1 as the deformation plane, a large number of asymmetrical folds and rotated porphyroclasts formed owing to thrusting and shear. At stage D3, left-lateral strike-slip occurred along the main north-south-trending schistosity. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of tectonic deformation in the NBB and summary of previous research results, it is determined that the early-stage (D1) deformation is related to Ordovician Macquarie arc-continent collision and the deformation at stages D2 and D3 is the result of the westward subduction of Paleo-Pacific Plate. That is, it is not the continuous westward subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate that constitutes the evolution model of the NBB as previously considered.     

八角形FPSO与穿梭油轮串靠外输中碰撞风险分析

针对300 m作业水深下的八角形FPSO,提出采用穿梭油轮串靠的外输作业方案,研究外输过程中穿梭油轮与FPSO之间由于过分纵荡运动而引起的碰撞风险发生概率。建立由八角形FPSO及其系泊系统、穿梭油轮、系泊大缆等组成的浮式多体系统分析模型,在外输海况条件下,得到穿梭油轮与FPSO间距的时历曲线,结合极值理论,对过分纵荡运动进行预报,进而对外输系统的碰撞风险进行分析;揭示海流的方向变化对于外输系统碰撞风险的影响规律。     

Structural Safety Assessment for FLNG-LNGC System During Offloading Operation Scenario

The crashworthiness of the cargo containment systems (CCSs) of a floating liquid natural gas (FLNG) and the side structures in side-by-side offloading operations scenario are studied in this paper. An FLNG vessel is exposed to potential threats from collisions with a liquid natural gas carrier (LNGC) during the offloading operations, which has been confirmed by a model test of FLNG-LNGC side-by-side offloading operations. A nonlinear finite element code LS-DYNA is used to simulate the collision scenarios during the offloading operations. Finite element models of an FLNG vessel and an LNGC are established for the purpose of this study, including a detailed LNG cargo containment system in the FLNG side model. Based on the parameters obtained from the model test and potential dangerous accidents, typical collision scenarios are defined to conduct a comprehensive study. To evaluate the safety of the FLNG vessel, a limit state is proposed based on the structural responses of the LNG CCS. The different characteristics of the structural responses for the primary structural components, energy dissipation and collision forces are obtained for various scenarios. Deformation of the inner hull is found to have a great effect on the responses of the LNG CCS, with approximately 160 mm deformation corresponding to the limit state. Densely arranged web frames can absorb over 35% of the collision energy and be proved to greatly enhance the crashwo-rthiness of the FLNG side structures.     

三江特提斯兰坪盆地构造-流体-成矿系统

西南三江中段兰坪地区经历了复杂的碰撞造山过程,导致成矿时间长、强度大、作用多样,复合叠加成矿突出;碰撞造山时空演化格架和成矿作用已有深入探索,而叠加成矿作用及其对碰撞造山过程的响应,构造控矿样式,及金属富集机理尚需研究。本文以碰撞造山过程与成矿系统研究为基础,选取金顶和金满等矿床为重点解剖对象,以盆地卤水和热液铅锌铜银成矿作用为主线,利用锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb和流体包裹体测试分析手段,解析兰坪盆地构造-流体-成矿系统。利用锆石U-Pb同位素定年获得兰坪盆地西侧片麻质花岗岩和二长花岗岩的上交点年龄和加权平均年龄为1067±20Ma和206±1Ma,分别代表了基底岩石前寒武时期变质事件的年龄,以及昌宁-孟连古特提斯洋后碰撞造山事件的年龄。在此基础上,构建了兰坪盆地的前寒武盆地基底形成、中二叠世-中三叠世前陆盆地、晚三叠世裂谷盆地、侏罗纪-白垩纪坳陷盆地、古新世-早渐新世前陆盆地和晚渐新世-中新世走滑拉分盆地等复杂的转化过程。三江特提斯兰坪盆地发育3个与碰撞造山盆地有关的Pb-ZnCu-Ag-Au-Sb-Hg成矿系统:(1)中低温热液脉型Cu-Ag多金属成矿系统,以金满-连城铜钼矿床为代表。成矿铜和铅锌矿化两期叠加,集中于早始新世(56~46Ma)和渐新世-中新世(32~21Ma)。成矿流体盐度变化于0.88%~20.51%NaC leqv之间,成矿温度较低,通常在210~270℃,显示以低温高盐度的盆地卤水为主的特征,可能受到来自富CO2的变质流体影响;(2)浅成低温热液Sb-Au-Hg-As多金属成矿系统,以笔架山锑矿床为代表。成矿时间集中于中-晚始新世。成矿流体盐度6.0%NaC leqv,成矿温度较低,通常在145~200℃,显示以大气降水为主的特征;(3)密西西比河谷型Pb-Zn多金属成矿系统,以金顶超大型铅锌矿床为代表。成矿时间集中于32~21Ma之间。成矿流体盐度变化于1.6%~18%NaC leqv之间,成矿温度较低,通常在80~190℃,显示以低温高盐度的盆地卤水为主的特征,可能有大气降水的贡献。文章最后解析了兰坪盆地构造-流体-成矿过程。研究对兰坪地区盆地卤水–岩浆热液型铅锌铜银成矿系统认识,为大陆碰撞过程及叠加成矿作用进一步研究提供理论支撑。     

兴海地区中高压混杂岩片的发现及其构造意义

分布于昆秦接合部—苦海—赛什塘构造混杂带中的混杂岩片,经历了中高压绿片岩相变质和同期强烈的韧性剪切变形,经推算其变质条件P=0.5～0.7GPa,T=400～450℃,地热梯度为16～22℃/Km,属不典型的中高压变质作用产物。经研究确定,物质沉积混杂的时代为P_1—P_2,变质变形作用时间为263～278Ma,经历最后一次变质并折返时间为220～279Ma,三个时期分别代表着本区经历的古特提斯洋壳俯冲、弧陆碰撞—陆内碰撞和陆内造山作用阶段。     

BOLTZMANN方程与碰撞矩阵元的计算

作者用Ｂｕｒｎｅｔｔ函数作为展开基底表示分子速度分布函数和Ｂｏｌｔｚｍａｎｎ方程，并由此证明，Ｂｏｌｔｚｍａｎｎ碰撞矩阵元的计算归结为约化积分、Ｃｌｅｂｓｃｈ－Ｇｏｒｄａｎ系数和Ｂｒｏｄｙ－Ｍｏｓｈｉｎｓｋｙ系数的计算。为了提高计算效率，作者将这些系数用超几何函数予以表示，并由此提出了高效的计算方法。     

Lower crust indentation or horizontal ductile flow during continental collision?

Conditions for indentation and channelised flow are investigated with two-dimensional thermomechanical models of Alpine-type continental collision. The models mimic the development of an orogen at an initial central portion of weakened lithosphere 150 km wide, coherent with several geological reconstructions. We study in particular the role of lower crustal strength in developing peculiar geometries after 20 Ma of shortening at 1 cm/year. Crustal layers produce geometries of imbricate layers, which result from two contrasted mechanisms of either channelised ductile lateral flow or horizontal rigid-like indentation:

– Channelised lateral flow develops when the lateral lower crust has a viscosity less than 10²¹ Pa s, exhibiting velocities opposite to the direction of convergence. This mechanism of deformation produces subhorizontal shear zones at the boundaries between the lower crust and the more competent upper crust and lithospheric mantle. It is also associated with a topographic plateau that equilibrates with a wide (about 200 km) but quasi-constant crustal root about 50 km deep.

– In contrast, indentation occurs with lateral lower crust layers that have a viscosity greater than about 10²³ Pa s, producing significant shortening and thickening of the central crust. In this case topography develops steep and narrow (around 100 km wide), associated with a thickened crust exceeding 60 km depth. A crustal-scale pop-up forms bounded by subvertical shear zones that root into the mantle lithosphere.

Rapid tectonics of the Late Miocene Boso accretionary prism related to the Izu–Bonin arc collision

Abstract   The structure, paleomagnetism and biostratigraphy of the Nishizaki and Kagamigaura formations on the southern Boso Peninsula, central Japan, were investigated to determine the chronographic constraints on the accretion, post-Late Miocene rotation and regional tectonics in the Izu–Bonin island arc collision zone. The geological structures on the southern Boso Peninsula are characterized by an east–west trending and south-verging fold and thrust belt that curves toward the northwest–southeast in the northwest extent of the Nishizaki Formation. Two stages of tectonic rotation were revealed by paleomagnetic and structural studies. The first is believed to have occurred after the accretion of the Nishizaki Formation and before the deposition of the Kagamigaura Formation, while the second is confidently correlated with the 1 Ma Izu block collision. The northwest extent of the Nishizaki Formation was rotated clockwise by approximately 65–80°, whereas the rotation was only 25–30° in the east, and 11–13° in the overlying Kagamigaura Formation. Radiolarian biostratigraphy suggests a depositional age of 9.9–6.8 Ma (Upper Miocene period) for the Nishizaki Formation and 4.19-3.75 Ma (Pliocene period) for the lower Kagamigaura Formation. These results indicate that the age of accretion and first-stage rotation of the Nishizaki Formation can be constrained to the interval of 6.80–3.75 Ma. This structure most likely represents the northward bending caused by collisions of the Tanzawa and Izu blocks with the Honshu island arc, and suggests rapid processes of accretion, collision, uplift and the formation of new sedimentary basins within a relatively short period of time (2.61–3.05 my).     

Formation of Distinct Granitic Magma Batches by Partial Melting of Hybrid Lower Crust in the Izu Arc Collision Zone, Central Japan

The Miocene Kofu Granitic Complex (KGC) occurs in the Izu CollisionZone where the Izu–Bonin–Mariana (IBM) arc has beencolliding with the Honshu arc since the middle Miocene. TheKGC includes rocks ranging in compositions from biotite-bearinggranite (the Shosenkyo and Mizugaki plutons), and hornblende–biotite-bearinggranodiorite, tonalite, quartz-diorite, and granite (the Shiodaira,Sanpo, Hirose and Sasago plutons), to hornblende-bearing tonaliteand trondhjemite (the Ashigawa–Tonogi pluton), indicatingthat it was constructed from multiple intrusions of magma withdifferent bulk chemistry. The Sr-isotopic compositions correctedto sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) zirconages (SrI) suggest that the primary magmas of each pluton wereformed by anatexis of mixed lower crustal sources involvingboth juvenile basalt of the IBM arc and Shimanto sedimentaryrocks of the Honshu arc. After the primary magmas had formed,the individual plutons evolved by crystal fractionation processeswithout significant crustal assimilation or additional mantlecontribution. SHRIMP zircon U–Pb ages in the KGC rangefrom 16·8 to 10·6 Ma and overlap the resumptionof magmatic activity in the IBM and Honshu arcs at c. 17 Maand the onset of IBM arc–Honshu arc collision at c. 15Ma. The age of the granite plutons is closely related to theepisodic activity of arc magmatism and distinct granitic magmabatches could be formed by lower crustal anatexis induced byintrusion of underplated mantle-derived arc magmas. Based onpressures determined with the Al-in-hornblende geobarometer,the KGC magmas intruded into the middle crust. Thus, the KGCcould represent an example of the middle-crust layer indicatedthroughout the IBM arc by 6·0–6·5 km/s seismicvelocities. This granitic middle-crust layer acted buoyantlyduring the IBM arc–Honshu arc collision, leading to accretionof buoyant IBM arc middle crust to the Honshu arc. KEY WORDS: arc–arc collision; crustal anatexis; granite; Izu–Bonin–Mariana (IBM) arc; Izu Collision Zone