中国夏季东北冷涡强度的定量化分析

本文利用NCEP/NCAR发布的1981~2010年全球日平均再分析位势高度场资料对东北冷涡进行检索并提取其平均态, 在此基础上定义东北冷涡的偏离指数, 并探讨其对东北冷涡强度特征的描述。结果表明: (1) 东北冷涡500 hPa闭合中心位势高度的概率分布近似为高斯分布, 以其期望值提取的东北冷涡平均态具有东北冷涡的共性, 表现出明显的大气斜压性及有利于系统维持和发展的温压配置关系特征; (2) 基于东北冷涡平均态定义的东北冷涡偏离指数不仅能够表征东北冷涡偏离平均态的程度, 还包含了低压面积的信息, 即能够直观地显示东北冷涡的强弱特征。     

东北冷涡活动的季节内振荡特征及其影响

东北冷涡是造成我国东北地区低温冷害、持续性阴雨和突发性强对流的重要天气系统.利用1979～2009年NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料和中国气象科学研究院提供的中国区域高分辨率格点降水资料,定义了一个客观描述东北冷涡活动的指数 (NECVI),并基于该指数分析了东北冷涡活动的低频特征及其与相关环流和降水的关系.结果表明,东北冷涡活动具有显著的10～30天振荡周期.与东北冷涡活动相关的大气环流的10～30天振荡和我国东部夏季降水异常具有明显的锁相关系,对雨带的位置起着重要的调制作用,在东北冷涡及其相关低频环流由西北向东南的移动过程中,我国东部也经历一次由北至南的降水过程.本文还进一步讨论了东北冷涡的低频活动与中高纬大气环流遥相关型的关系.与东北冷涡相联系的低频环流是夏季低频欧亚 (EU) 型遥相关波列的一部分,低频欧亚型 (EU型) 与东亚/太平型 (EAP型) 遥相关波列在东亚地区交汇,并通过波列之间的相互作用影响东北冷涡低频系统的移向和移速,进而影响中国东部降水的位置与维持时间.因而前期EU型和EAP型低频波列的发展情况可能预示着后期中国东部各个区域降水的演变.本文研究结果将为提高我国东部强降水的1～2周延伸期天气预报提供参考.     

高空形势与山东半岛冷流暴雪的关系

采用常规观测资料和NCEP1°×1°资料,对山东半岛2005年、2008年、2010年的几次典型冷流暴雪过程进行了分析。分析结果表明：冷流暴雪的高空形势主要分为高空冷涡型和高空横槽型。高空冷涡型较高空横槽型降雪量偏大,暴雪站点多。高空冷涡型500hPa层以上的位涡值较高空横槽型偏大,高层位涡有利于低层正涡度的加强,促使低层产生低压环流及辐合上升运动,上升运动加强了海面水汽的垂直输送,故高空冷涡型上升速度较高空横槽型强,湿层较厚,高空冷涡型较高空横槽型更容易产生暴雪过程。     

2011年10月一次广西区域性暴雨特征分析

利用常规观测观测资料、每隔6小时一次的1°＊1°NCEP再分析资料以及相当黑体温度TBB对2011年10月6—7日预报偏差较大的广西区域性暴雨进行分析得出：副热带高压边缘的东南气流和台风“尼格”减弱后的后部偏南气流带来的暖湿空气和地面冷空气在桂中上空交汇,850hPa切变线和500hPa西风槽触发了暴雨的产生;比湿和假相当位温的分布显示了冷暖空气的对峙情况;TBB平均场的变化可以反映强降雨的落区和移动：水汽主要从东边界进人广西,少部分从南边界和北边界进入,来自于西北太平洋、孟加拉湾和东海洋面。     

Precursory Signals of Extensive and Persistent Extreme Cold Events in China

The distinct precursory signals of countrywide extensive and persistent extreme cold events (CECs) were investigated and contrasted with those of countrywide cold wave events (CCWs). It is shown that most CECs were accompanied by a CCW in the initial stages. From the comparison between the CECs and the CCWs that were independent of any CEC, it is found that a south- west-northeast-oriented tilted ridge at 500 hPa was present around the Europe-Barents Sea regions approximately 10 days prior to the start of the CEC. Consistent with this feature, a high sea level pressure and strong cold air accumulation occurred over a broad extent of northern Eurasia one week prior to the start of the CEC. The tilted ridge and the strong cold air accumulation were the precursory signals that were absent for the CCW, and they provide important clues for the early prediction of whether a CCW event might evolve into a CEC.     

风云三号卫星微波成像仪在轨性能稳定性分析

利用地球冷目标观测亮温的稳定性和遥感数据统计直方图方法,是评价微波成像仪等类似微波成像辐射计在轨性能稳定性的有效方法。在此基础上,本文用2011年2月—7月风云三号02星微波成像仪在轨观测的亮温数据,对微波成像仪在轨运行的性能稳定性进行了分析。结果表明:风云三号02星微波成像仪在轨性能稳定,所有通道最低亮温参考值波动范围不超过1.8K。     

Present-day climatology and projected changes of warm and cold days in the CNRM-CM3 global climate model

The impact of global warming on the warmest and coldest days of the annual cycle is explored according to an A2 scenario simulated by the CNRM-CM3 climate model in the framework of the IPCC AR4 intercomparison. Given the multi-model spread in IPCC projections, a validation strategy is proposed using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. Validation of the late twentieth century model climatology shows that warm and cold model events are slightly too long and infrequent. Although interannual trends in the warm (cold) day occurrence were positive (negative) only for six (three) of the nine considered sub-continental regions, simulated model trends are always positive (negative). This different behaviour suggests that simulated non-anthropogenic decadal variability is small relative to anthropogenic trends. Large-scale synoptic processes associated with European regional warm and cold peaks are also described and validated. Regional cold peaks are better reproduced than warm peaks, whose intensity accuracy is limited by other physical variables. Positive (negative) winter anomalies of sea and land surface temperature lead to summers with severe (weak) temperatures. These inter-annual anomalies are generated by a persistent pressure dipole over Europe. Regarding climate change, warm (cold) events will become more (less) frequent and longer (shorter). The number of warm days will largely rise and the number of cold days will dramatically decrease. The intensity of warm days will be particularly pronounced over Europe, given the projected summer drying in this region. However, according to the limited skill of the CNRM model, these results must be considered with caution.     

郑州市两次不同背景下特大暴雨诊断分析

利用NCEP资料,根据降水实况分布及各物理量分层平面分布,每隔6 h对特大暴雨中心区所在经、纬向带各物理量场作经、纬向垂直剖面图,结合高空观测图对郑州市两次特大暴雨发生的大环流形势场、触发特大暴雨发生的各物理量场进行诊断分析。结果表明:1)连续性特大暴雨区出现在低空急流轴的前方,一方面是由于低空急流前方水平辐合较强,另一方面低空急流对暖湿空气的输送,使大气不稳定度加强;局地短时性特大暴雨过程主要是冷空气侵入使冷暖湿空气团在郑州上空交汇,其对流不稳定能量释放所致。2)辐合线对暖湿空气的抬升运动起到动力加强作用,是触发中尺度雨团的根源,也是特大暴雨产生的根源。3)连续性暴雨发生、发展时,高空的反气旋起主导作用;局地短时性暴雨发生时,中低空的气旋辐合起主导作用。4)短时性特大暴雨天气,前期有较强的不稳定层结;连续性暴雨天气刚发生时,其前期存在较强的不稳定层结,在暴雨连续发生过程中不一定有强不稳定层结。5)连续性暴雨需要较强的水汽输送带,局地短时性暴雨不要求有明显的水汽输送。     

Roll Vortices in the Boundary Layer Caused by a Concave Wind Profile: A Theoretical Study

The present study solves a two-layer atmospheric wave equation model with a lower atmosphere concave wind profile and cold-air outbreak over sea, while simultaneously proving that such a wind shear may cause neutral boundary layer roll vortices in the presence of disturbing sources upstream. Without thermal effects, the wind shear-induced waves have band structures at the top of the boundary layer that are similar to cloud street patterns observed over sea. This study proves that dynamic and thermal effects can act independently to initiate the roll vortices in the lower atmosphere. At the same time, a quantitative comparison shows that dynamic effects play a large role in the formation of roll vortices in the initial stage of cold-air outbreak and will be surpassed by thermal effects soon after surface heating commences.     

一次冷锋南侧对流性暴雨诊断分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP资料、卫星、雷达和地面加密观测等资料,对2008年5月27-28日江西北部一次冷锋南侧(冷锋前)对流性暴雨过程进行天气动力学诊断分析和中尺度分析.结果表明:(1)对流性暴雨出现在冷锋前的主要原因是:各层槽线位置近于垂直,锋面陡峭,并出现前倾槽结构;冷锋前低层暖湿气流异常强盛,下暖湿上干冷使对流不稳定能量增强;当冷锋移近、气旋波发展东移和低空急流加强,触发了冷锋前对流不稳定能量释放.(2)本次暴雨具有明显中小尺度特征,共有4个β中尺度对流系统沿地面冷锋南侧发展东移,850 hPa的中尺度辐合线、地面中低压和中尺度辐合线、云顶亮温低值区、强回波区及雷达速度图上逆风区等均揭示中小尺度扰动系统存在,且中小尺度扰动系统与暴雨雨团对应很好.