藏、汉对比视角下的城市空间环境认知研究——以中国西藏日喀则市为例

以分布式认知理论为基础,采用质性研究法、数量分析法以及GIS空间分析技术,探讨日喀则市藏族、汉族居民对城市空间环境认知的异同性。研究表明,藏族对城市空间环境的认知得分高于汉族对城市空间环境的认知得分。藏族、汉族对城市空间环境的认知水平可分为高、中、低3类。认知空间呈现圈层结构与混合结构模式,可分为藏汉一致性、藏族独立以及汉族独立3种认知空间类型。影响居民对城市空间环境的认知因素有共性因素和差异性因素。景观走廊质量、宜居性、基础设施两项是藏族居民关注的主要影响因素,汉族居民更关注公共服务设施的服务能力以及对当地文化的融入感。     

Fast Nearest Neighbor Classification Methods for Multispectral Imagery

Nearest neighbor classifiers have not been widely used by remote sensing practitioners. The lack of acceptance of these classifiers may be partially due to their notoriously slow speed of execution which makes them impractical for the classification of mega-pixel images. However, training data reduction, distance measure optimization, and neighbor searching algorithms based on the modified k-d tree can speed nearest neighbor classification substantially.     

老平台新增井槽技术的应用与发展

老油田的二次开发难度较大,为充分利用老平台设备资源,解决现有海上平台存在的预留井槽不足的问题,曾提出并成功应用了内挂、外挂、新增桩腿外挂等增加井槽的方式,但井槽增加的方位和数量受到限制。结合两平台短距离连接和修井机双向滑移避让钻井船技术,提出了新的修井机共用方式。通过采用双向滑轨实现了修井机在新建平台和老平台间的往复滑移。此技术节约了开发投资,为今后类似项目提供参考和借鉴。     

SOFTWARE REVIEWS

software reviews are in this article BMDP/PC CONCEPTS COMPUTERIZED ATLAS EVALUATION OF ALTERNATE PROPOSALS (EAP) EXTRA: EXPRESS TRANSIT ANALYSIS MATC CAD MOTORS TRANSPORTATION PACKAGE PCMAP: Thematic Mapping Software for the IBM Personal Computer, Version 2.3 PLACE TRANPLAN . US-ATLAS     

Kriging方法在区域土壤水分估值中的应用

土壤水分的观测对于地表参数化的发展以及气候变化的研究有着重要的作用。本文对大尺度区域土壤水分的估值进行了尝试:采用1987年中国102个气象站点1米土层四个季节的土壤水分值作为样本,运用KRIGING方法,通过对半变异函数的计算和分析,得出了所研究7个采集日的拟合函数,发现均符合球状模型,对模型有关的参数进行了拟合。并将插值结果与距离反比法进行了对比性检验,同时给出了KRIGING方法的估值精度。检验结果表明平均相对误差和标准偏差均以距离反比法较小,以样本量较大的f时段为例对检验结果进行了深入分析。由此得出了KRIGING方法内插估值的优势和不足,简要给出了提高估值精度的可能方案。最后对中国东半部f时段的土壤水分值进行内插成图。     

大型公园绿地对住宅价格的时空影响效应——以上海市黄兴公园绿地为例

随着居民生活质量的提高和环保意识的增强,居民对环境舒适的支付意愿不断提高。居住环境的价值评估研究受到关注,但对其作用时间和空间影响程度差异的量化研究明显不足。本文以上海市黄兴公园绿地为例,综合运用市场比较法、特征定价法和多元回归分析等方法,并引入加权距离,从时间和空间两个层面分析黄兴公园绿地对周边住宅价格的影响效应,结果表明:黄兴公园绿地所带来的住宅价格增值效应既具有时间上的差异性,又与加权距离存在着显著的二次函数关系,随着距离增加其增值幅度呈下降趋势;其影响效应与加权距离存在着显著的三次函数关系,最大影响半径为1.59km,最强影响区位为0.29km。     

Ecologically based landscape pattern optimization in northwest of Beijing

Supported by the technologies of remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS), we chose northwest of Beijing as a study area and gave priority to understanding of the spatial-temporal characteristics of landscape pattern change through visually interpreted Landsat TM images of 1989, 1996 and 2005. It is believed that there were a series of landscape ecological problems caused by city expansion: landscape ecological connectivity was low; landscape structure was simplified; the fragmentation of green land patch was more obvious on the plain areas, moreover, spatial distribution of green land was unbalanced. For this reason, this study adopted accumulative cost distance model, combined with ecosystem services and spatial interactions of landscape types, analyzed the spatial difference of the ecological function and the compactness of landscape structure in the study area, and further discussed the landscape pattern optimization proposal. We find that it is essential to protect and establish ecological sources, to establish urban ecological corridors, and to establish ecological nodes at the landscape ecological strategic positions so as to intensify spatial relationships among landscape elements and maintain continuity of landscape ecological process and pattern in the course of city expansion. The methods and final results from this study are expected to be useful for landscape ecological planning in Beijing region.     

天津盘山景区客源空间结构短期动态变化分析

选择2014年"十一"黄金周及其前后为案例时段,运用移动通信运营商获取的旅游流大数据,使用客源地地理集中指数、客源吸引半径、距离衰减曲线和引力模型,对天津盘山景区国内客源市场空间结构短期动态变化进行研究。结果发现:随着工作日、周末、黄金周三类时段闲暇时间的增加,盘山景区远程客流比例明显增加,客源吸引半径增大,客源地集中指数降低,距离累计曲线变缓,但盘山景区黄金周前后时段的客源市场空间结构并没有显著的变化;距离因素在各时段对客流量的影响都是最大,而人口因素对天津以外的客源市场客流量的影响最大。     

Delineating Hierarchical Hospital Service Areas in Florida

Hospital service area (HSA) and hospital referral region (HRR), known as a hierarchical HSA system, have been used as analysis units in a growing body of large‐scale studies of healthcare spending, utilization, and outcome in the United States. However, the popular Dartmouth HSAs and HRRs were produced more than two decades ago and are unable to represent contemporary healthcare markets. This research uses a revised Huff Model to delineate two levels of hospital service areas in Florida, resulting in sixty‐four HSAs nested in twenty‐one HRRs. Three elements distinguish our method from existing work. First, a best‐fitting distance‐decay function derived from the actual travel pattern of hospitalization is embedded in the Huff Model to strengthen the model's theoretical foundation in individual spatial behavior. Secondly, the hierarchal central place structure is supported by the differing travel‐friction coefficients for general versus specialized patients; general patients experience a steeper gradient and thus a shorter average travel range that supports delineating more HSAs of smaller area size, and specialized patients exhibit a flatter gradient and thus a longer average travel range that leads to fewer HRRs of large‐sized areas. Finally, the delineation method automated in geographic information systems (GIS) can be easily replicated in other regions to define large‐scale and consistent hierarchical HSA systems.     

基于弹性力学的诱导劈裂注浆机制分析

针对隧道内水平超前劈裂注浆中浆液劈裂方向随机性的问题,提出一种诱导劈裂注浆方法,可以控制和改变浆液的劈裂方向。首先,基于弹性力学理论及其基本假定,分析竖向地应力大于水平地应力条件下对单一土层进行劈裂注浆时浆液沿竖向劈裂的力学机制,在此基础上探讨改变浆液劈裂方向为水平劈裂的必要性和诱导方法,并从应力集中的角度分析诱导劈裂注浆的力学机制;其次,采用有限元法研究注浆孔孔周劈裂方向控制点的应力随侧向压力系数和诱导孔与注浆孔间距变化而变化的情况,得出实现诱导劈裂注浆时两孔间距及侧向压力系数应满足的条件,并拟合两孔间距临界值的计算公式。结果表明：在离注浆孔上、下方4倍注浆孔径以内对称布设诱导孔,改变了注浆孔孔周劈裂方向控制点的应力场。当两孔间距小于实现诱导的临界距离值时,注浆孔孔周控制点的应力大小发生转换,浆液的劈裂方向发生改变,将沿水平方向劈裂。诱导孔与注浆孔间距的临界值会随着侧向压力系数的增大而逐渐增大。