Chromosomal population structuring in carangids (Perciformes) between the north-eastern and south-eastern coasts of Brazil

The family Carangidae comprises 151 species, of which only 19 have been so far karyotyped, including a few representatives from the Western Atlantic Ocean. This study compared the cytogenetic features of three Atlantic carangids, Chloroscombrus chrysurus, Trachinotus goodei and T. falcatus, from north-eastern Brazilian coast, with previously obtained cytogenetic data from southern populations. All species presented 2n = 48 chromosomes. Chloroscombrus chrysurus showed a conserved karyotypic macrostructure (2n = 48a, FN = 48) whereas T. goodei (2m + 2sm + 44a; FN = 52) and T. falcatus (2n = 10m/sm + 38a; FN = 58) presented more diversified karyotypes. Data showed that the samples of C. chrysurus from the north-eastern and south-eastern regions did not differ cytogenetically. However, the frequency or position of ribosomal sites (Ag-NOR/18S rDNA) were effective in discriminating the populations of Trachinotus between these coastal regions. The distinct chromosomal patterns suggest a historical genetic fractionating of the Trachinotus populations along the Brazilian coast.     

8500 a BP以来长江中游平原地区古文化遗址分布的演变

本研究建立了8500 a BP以来长江中游平原地区,从新石器时期至明清时期7534个古文化遗址的GIS数据库,利用ArcGIS软件,从环境考古学的角度,对不同时期古文化遗址分布的地貌类型、海拔高程、坡度特征进行了系统分析。研究结果显示,不同时代的文化遗址的空间分布特征存在显著差别：1) 新石器文化遗址主要分布在平原边缘的山前台地—岗地和高冲积平原等海拔高程适中的地区,海拔高程较低的平原中心区与海拔较高的山地则分布很少;2) 西周以后,文化遗址分布高程呈现下降趋势,从山前台地—岗地、高冲积平原向平缓的低冲积平原转移;秦汉至明清时期,文化遗址则主要分布在海拔高程更低、坡度平缓的低冲积平原和湖积—冲积平原;3) 不同时期的文化遗址空间分布模式,反映了不同生产力水平下人类活动对自然环境变化的响应特点。     

Bayesian estimation of inflow hydrographs in ungauged sites of multiple reach systems

A Bayesian Geostatistical Approach to evaluate unknown upstream flow hydrographs in multiple reach systems is implemented. The methodology was, firstly, tested through three synthetic examples of river confluences, that differ in the available data, boundary conditions and number of the estimated inflow time series. Input discharge hydrographs were routed downstream by means of the widely known HEC-RAS river analysis system to obtain the downstream stage hydrographs used as known observations for the reverse procedure. In almost all cases, the observed water levels were corrupted with random errors to highlight the reliability of the methodology in preventing instabilities and overfitting. Then the procedure was applied to the real case study of the Parma–Baganza river confluence located at the city of Parma (Italy) to assess the tributary Baganza River inflow hydrograph (supposed completely ungauged) using water level data collected downstream on the main reach. The results show that the methodology properly reproduces the unknown inflows even in presence of errors affecting the downstream water levels. The practical applicability of the proposed approach is also demonstrated in complex river systems.     

垃圾场环境中的微生态效应初探

在垃圾堆埋环境中的微生态特征较为复杂,其微生态效应是其中各种超背景聚集有害物质发生降解、转化的表现。它既存在有利于生态环境防护的一面,也存在造成一定时段内局部生态系统中的物质循环失调而引发的生态环境污染。本文对调查的北京市垃圾场地中的典型场地,进行了以细菌总数、大肠杆菌、硝化菌、反硝化菌、硫酸盐还原菌、排硫杆菌、脱氮硫杆菌和铁细菌等为侧重点的微生态特征研究。文中主要基于调查评价和污染治理目的,侧重阐述了上述菌群在相关垃圾场地中的含量分布与效应特征,以期为相关研究或工程治理提供科学依据。     

局部复杂场地Rayleigh波传播特性分析的SBFEM模型研究

基于土-结构动力相互作用（SSI）的原理,将求解包含局部复杂地形的散射场问题,分解为规则开挖场地的动刚度、包含复杂构造散射体的动刚度和自由场波动输入3个问题的求解,并依据子结构控制方程,提出了一种高精度的比例边界有限（SBFEM）计算模型。通过计算半圆形河谷和半圆形沉积河谷两个算例,验证了SBFEM计算模型的正确性。较为系统地讨论了矩形峡谷、垂直断层和孤凸山体等常见复杂地形对Rayleigh波场的散射作用。结果表明：峡谷深度、软弱断层破碎带和孤凸山体对Rayleigh波都有一定阻挡作用;峡谷宽度、断层宽度和硬性断层填充物等因素对Rayleigh波散射作用影响不明显。SBFEM分析模型可应用于隔震沟、隔震帷幕设计,对大坝、桥梁等工程的选址提供有益的建议。     

Multidimensional analytical models for isotope ratios in groundwater pollutant plumes of organic contaminants undergoing different biodegradation kinetics

This work presents analytical models which are able to predict contours of concentrations and isotope ratios of organic pollutants in homogeneous aquifers. Four analytical solutions of the advective–dispersive transport equation for reactive transport from the literature differing in assumptions regarding biodegradation kinetics were used. Stable isotope ratios are computed after modelling the individual reactive transport of isotopic species in the aquifer, which respond differently to fractionation by biodegradation or sorption. The main finding of this study is that the isotope ratios in the plumes are very sensitive to the assumptions underlying the biodegradation kinetics in the models. When biodegradation occurs throughout the core of the plume as first-order reaction, the transversal gradients in isotope ratios are smooth. When biodegradation occurs in a bi-molecular reaction with an electron acceptor (modelled by double-Monod kinetics), steep transversal isotope gradients are predicted. When the reaction rates approach instantaneous reaction along the plume fringes, isotope shifts in the core of the plume disappear. A model incorporating plume and fringe degradation produces the most plausible predictions of isotope ratios in this study. It is shown furthermore that isotope fractionation by sorption causes an even different pattern of isotope ratios, with positive shifts restricted to near the forerunning front of an expanding plume. The models developed in this work can serve for the validation of numerical models and may be incorporated in natural attenuation support systems such as e.g. BIOSCREEN.     

GPS连续观测站低频拟合残差序列空间分布的分形特征

在剔除粗差的基础上,以GPS连续站低频拟合残差时间序列在站心坐标系下的空间分布作为研究对象,运用分形理论中测度关系求分维方法求得全国27个连续站残差空间分布的分维及其无标度区间,并讨论了落入无标度区间的点占总点数的百分比情况|同时,利用相关系数及F检验方法对无标度区间内是否符合线性特征进行显著性检验。主要结果如下：1）除DXIN、QION和XIAA三个连续站残差序列无标度区内线性相关系数在0.99～0.995之间外,其他24个台站无标度区间内的线性相关系数都在0.995以上|27个连续站无标度区内线性回归F检验在α=0.005时全部拒绝不符合线性分布的零假设(H0:b=0),表明GPS残差序列在无标度区内符合分形特征,即具有较高的自相似性特征。2）除BJFS、LUZH和XIAM三个连续站无标度区间内的点数占各自总点数的40%左右外,其余24个台站无标度区间内的点数占各自总点数的50%甚至60%,说明残差序列中符合分形规律的点约占自身总点数的一半或以上,表明自然分形规律在残差序列中占有一定的权重。3）27个连续站在无标度区间内的分维值在1.71～1.97之间,即各台站分维值为非整数值且存在着差异性|另外,在构建涉及指数的GPS观测模型或噪声模型时,如果选取其分维值作为各自的模型指数,则有可能减少模型的系统误差。     

淤泥堆场人工硬壳层地基极限承载力室内模拟研究

针对淤泥堆场利用淤泥固化技术制作的人工硬壳层（MMC）地基的极限承载力问题,利用模型试验研究了人工硬壳层的无侧限抗压强度、厚度以及淤泥的不排水强度对这种人工硬壳层地基极限承载力的影响规律。结果表明,淤泥上覆人工硬壳层地基的极限承载力随人工硬壳层的无侧限抗压强度的增加呈指数增加的趋势,随硬壳层厚度的增加呈现出线性增加的趋势。     

石英和碳酸钙表面位的FDIR谱学研究

本文采用漫反射红外光谱（ＦＤＩＲ）方法对石英、方解石、合成碳酸钙和孔雀石等矿物表面位（基团）作了研究。随着溶液ｐＨ值的升高,由于表面基团间氢键的影响,石英表面位〉Ｓｉ－Ｏ和〉Ｓｉ－Ｏ－Ｓｉ的吸收峰向高频方向漂移,即〉Ｓｉ－Ｏ非对称伸缩振动吸收峰由１０３６ｃｍ＾－１→１０４５ｃｍ＾－１→１０４７ｃｍ＾－１,〉Ｓｉ－Ｏ－Ｓｉ对称伸缩振动吸收峰由７７７ｃｍ＾－１→７８２ｃｍ＾－１→７８８ｃｍ＾－１,而〈     

武汉市传销犯罪点的空间格局变化及其建成环境影响因素

基于中国裁判文书网的传销犯罪数据及与城市建成环境相关的POI数据,以传销高发城市武汉市为例,采用最近邻指数法、核密度估计法和地理探测器对武汉市2012—2019年传销犯罪点的空间格局变化及其建成环境影响因素进行研究.结果发现:1)武汉市传销犯罪在空间上集聚分布,呈现"市中心聚集"和"多中心"的特点,形成了东西湖区、黄陂...