Carbonyls and nonmethane hydrocarbons at rural European sites from the mediterranean to the arctic

Results of regular measurements during 1992–1995 of hydrocarbons and carbonyl compounds for a number of rural European monitoring sites are presented. The measurements are part of the EMEP programme for VOC measurements in Europe. In addition, several years of regular measurements are included from the Norwegian stations Birkenes at the south coast, and Zeppelin Mountain on Spitsbergen in the Arctic. The sampling frequency has been about twice per week throughout the years, implying that a substantial amount of measurement data are available. Almost all the chemical analyses have been performed by one laboratory, the EMEP Chemical Co-ordinating Centre located at NILU, which avoids problems of intercomparison and intercalibration among different laboratories. For the measured concentrations both seasonal and geographical variations are shown and discussed. The diurnal cycles of the hydrocarbon concentrations were studied in detail at one site, where the grab samples by EMEP where compared with a parallel continuous sampler, operated by EMPA, Switzerland. Hydrocarbons linked to natural gas and fuel evaporation become well mixed into the Arctic in the winter, whereas combustion products show a latitudinal gradient. The sum of oxygenated species constitutes about 5–15% of the sum of C₂–C₅ hydrocarbons in winter. In summer they are almost equal in magnitude, consistent with an increasing oxidation of hydrocarbons.     

二维不均匀场地地震地面运动的估算

通过对某工程场地采用不同的介质参数和不同的人工边界处理方法求得的地面运动的比较，指出，只有应用合理的计算模型才得到正确的计算结果，文章还对在均匀粘弹性半空间内任意划定刚性和滚轴人工边界造成的计算误差作了探讨。     

Intelligence-Aided Seismic Zonation System IASHES

In this paper,the structure of the intelligence-aided seismic zonation system IASHES and its validation are briefly introduced.Emphasis is placed on the two rank scheme of potential seismic source areas; an expert subsystem for estimating the seismicity trends of rank A source areas; an expert subsystem for delineation of rank B source areas; an expert subsystem for judgment of upper limit of magnitude of rank B source areas,and an improved procedure for determination of weighting factors of rank B source areas,which is specially suitable to ES(Expert systems).     

Web上的GIS资源分析与典型网站介绍

Web上蕴藏着巨大的资源，有效地利用这些资源将会给我们的学习和工作带来很大的帮助。文中分析了目前Web上的GIS资源，介绍了典型的GIS网站及如何在网上搜寻GIS资源。     

鄂尔多斯高原秦汉遗址空间分布及环境指示意义

人类活动遗址是反映过去人类生产、生活环境的重要指标。基于野外调查、文献资料整理和城市地理学相关理论,分析了鄂尔多斯高原168处秦汉聚落遗址的空间分布特征。结果表明,遗址空间结构呈典型的十字模式分布,其中心为今东胜区、伊金霍洛旗所在。秦汉遗址的分布密集区,以鄂尔多斯高原东部的黄土丘陵山地、毛乌素沙地和库布齐沙漠的中间地带为主。库布齐沙漠流动沙丘区没有遗址分布,毛乌素沙地内部尽管分布有不少遗址,但规模相对较小,不存在大型遗址,可能只是区域连接的中转站,不具备区域中心功能。这一分布模式或表明毛乌素沙地在秦汉时期的环境并不宜居,该研究为长期以来鄂尔多斯高原秦汉时期人类活动的环境影响争论提供了新视角。     

多层接地框架土-结构共同作用分析

多层接地框架是山地、丘陵地区多见的一种结构形式,但以往对其抗震性能研究不足很多。利用二次开发后的ANSYS对多层接地框架抗震性能进行了上下部共同作用分析,发现多层接地框架的抗震性能受到地基情况的明显影响。     

利用主成分分析法分析GNSS坐标时间序列

利用主成分分析法对陆态网224个GNSS基准站坐标时间序列进行分析.首先对基准站原始坐标序列进行突变项拟合、粗差剔除、缺失数据插值补齐等预处理;然后对预处理后的站点残差坐标时间序列分N、E、U方向组建时间序列矩阵进行主成分分析,根据各方向主分量及其相应的空间特征向量分析站点空间响应分布特征、共模误差以及异常站点的影响....     

硬场地实测记录下几种土层地震反应分析程序可靠性对比

以日本KiK-net强震观测台网中硬场地井下记录为样本,对传统等效线性化方法LSSRLI-1（频域）、SHAKE2000,时域非线性方法DEEPSOIL和频域一致等效线性化方法SOILQUAKE等几种计算程序在硬土场地地震反应分析中的可靠性进行对比检验。检验工况包括KiK-net井下台网中地表峰值加速度不小于0.05g的水平硬场地的总计344台次的加速度记录,涉及5个台站,土层厚度6~50m,地表峰值加速度范围0.050~0.805g。结果表明:认为硬土场地以往计算方法能够体现土层放大的认识是片面的,在中强地震动情况下,现有流行方法计算出的地表响应会偏小,强地震动下会严重偏小,会给工程抗震设计提供偏于危险的输入;硬场地中烈度8度以下（地表PGA在0.19g以下）,SHAKE2000和DEEPSOIL、LSSRLI-1（频域）计算结果与实际记录差距可以接受,但烈度8度以上,计算出地表响应均较实际记录明显偏小,且随地震动强度增加差距急剧增大;硬场地中,无论何种烈度,SOILQUAKE16计算的地表加速度响应与实测相当,可体现出土层放大作用。     

Changes in carbon and nutrient fluxes from headwaters to ocean in a mountainous temperate to subtropical basin

Water erosion provides major links in global cycles of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Although significant research on erosion mechanisms has been done, there is still little knowledge on C, N and P fluxes across landscapes to the ocean and their controlling factors in subtropical climates. A four‐year study quantifying and comparing particulate and dissolved C, N and P from multiple scales (microplot, plot, microcatchment, subcatchment, catchment, sub‐basin and basin) was performed in Thukela basin (≈30 000 km²), South Africa. The basin climate was largely subtropical‐humid [mean annual precipitation (MAP) > 980 mm yr^‐1], but temperate (MAP >2000 mm yr^‐1) on the highlands. Open grassland, cropland and bushland were the major land uses. On average, 65, 24 and 4 g m^‐2 yr^‐1 C, N and P were displaced from original topsoil positions, but only 0.33, 0.005 and 0.002 mg m^‐2 yr^‐1 were, respectively, exported to the ocean. The fluxes decreased by 95, 97 and 84%, respectively, from plot to microcatchment outlet; and decreased further in downstream direction by >99% from microcatchment to basin outlet. The hillslope (microplot to microcatchment) fluxes correlated strongly with rainfall parameters. Particulate contributions dominated hillslope fluxes at 73, 81 and 76% of total annual C, N and P, respectively. Although particulate C dominated in the microcatchment‐catchment reach (55%), N (54%) and P (69%) were dominated by dissolved forms. The lower basin zone was dominated by dissolved flux contributions at 93, 81 and 78% for C, N and P for the sub‐basin outlet. These results suggested spatially varying drivers of C, N and P losses from the landscape to the ocean, via the river network. Deposition was envisaged the dominant hillslope level loss process, which gradually gave way to mineralization and biotic uptake in the river network as flux contributions shifted from being predominantly particulate to dissolved forms. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

嘉峪关典型土遗址裂缝变形气温响应特征研究

裂隙、冲沟、掏蚀、片状剥离等是中国西北地区土遗址发育典型病害,为探求土遗址本体及其赋存环境变化的内在本质规律,开展土遗址变形监测的研究与实践至关重要。以嘉峪关土遗址烽火台裂缝1号、2号为研究对象,通过分析2016年裂缝变形和环境气温监测数据,寻找其响应关系,探索环境气温影响裂缝发育的规律;利用相关性分析、归一化处理数据,结合支持向量机(SVM)机器学习方法对裂缝发展趋势进行预测,为土遗址裂缝发育趋势研究提供理论依据。