我国地震地下流体观测台网调整与优化方案探讨

本文首先简要介绍了我国地震地下流体观测台网的现状,然后针对其存在的主要问题提出了调整与优化的建议: ① 调整布局,重点加强我国中西部地区(105°E以西)的监测; ② 扩大规模,观测井(泉)数要达到1000个左右; ③ 全面提高观测井质量,淘汰不符合规范要求的观测井(泉),改造不完全符合规范要求的观测井,新建一批完全符合规范的观测井; ④ 优化观测项目的组合,大力发展观测井(泉)水流量观测,强化以H₂、 He、 CO₂等为主测项的断层带土壤气观测,建立断层带土壤气观测网; ⑤ 优化现有的观测模式,开展平面上的台阵式观测与垂向的多层次立体化观测; ⑥ 完善与提升现有数字化观测技术水平.      

乌鲁木齐国际机场时刻资源与航线布局的时空网络模式分析

航班时刻是一种无形的资源,其数量和价值与空域和机场设施资源紧密联系,是航空公司创造收益的前提和保障。深入分析航班时刻资源有助于揭示航空资源的时间空间配置模式与利用潜力。以乌鲁木齐机场为研究对象,收集航班信息数据,从定量分析的角度评价乌鲁木齐机场时刻资源与航线布局现状,以不同时段为时间单位,考察机场24 h内航班时刻资源配置结构,总结其时间结构分异特征与形成机制;从空间角度分析机场航线布局结构与时刻分异特征,重点分析机场未来面向中亚、西亚乃至欧洲境外航线布局与时刻资源分配的潜力。研究表明:航班时刻资源具有时间异质性,大致形成高峰航段、黄金航段或低谷航段等时刻类型,这与时刻分配规律、旅客出行行为习惯有关;航线布局具有空间分异特征,存在联系密集区和稀疏区,与地区间经济社会发展不平衡以及机场在省内、省外、国际市场空间中的不同作用有关,机场航线组织模式主要表现为省内以乌鲁木齐机场为中心的网状区域模式以及连接省外及国外通航城市"点对点"式航线模式。部分进出港航班时刻重叠主要集中在上午高峰航段、中午黄金航段、下午高峰航段、下午黄金航段以及晚小高峰航段,表现为这几个航段内进出港航班相对较为密集,航班进出港时刻的重叠在一定程度上受到航段划分的影响。     

基于要素流的长三角城市群空间布局

以长三角城市群30个地级市市区为研究单元,从要素流动的动态视角,建立要素流的数理模型,借助于ArcGIS软件,对长三角城市群内城市的经济流、交通流和信息流的强度和方向进行定量分析和评价,运用赋值法对3种要素流总量进行评分,并进行空间层级划分。得出核心区（包括上海、江苏沿江八市、环杭州湾地区等地市）和辐射影响区（位于长三角两翼的地市）。基于城市间的空间联系特征和城市群的空间层级结构,对长三角城市群的空间发展布局提出进一步引导和规划,即上海为核心,苏州、南京、杭州、合肥和徐州为区域性中心城市,构成以沪宁合、沪杭、沪徐和沪温为4个发展轴的反“K”字型的空间形态,依据城市区位和要素联系特征,将城市群进一步划分为6个城市组团,形成以中心城市为增长节点、以发展轴为联结线、以城市组团为发展域的“点―线―面”有序发展的空间互动格局。     

中国石化产业空间组织的评价与优化(英文)

The spatial organization of the Chinese petrochemical industry was optimized ac-cording to the status of development of the industry employing linear programming and Ar-cGIS spatial analysis tools. We first identified the indexes of the spatial organization of the petrochemical industry and established a comprehensive evaluation index system that in-cludes four major categories and 11 indicators. The weight of each index was then deter-mined by the analytical hierarchy process. Afterward, taking the 337 Chinese prefecture-level administrations as basic units and scientifically evaluating the potential comprehensive layout coefficients of the cities, 151 prefecture-level administrative units were selected as the basis for the choice of optimization sites with a linear programming model. Secondly, using the 151 prefecture-level administrative units and the maximum-coverage model, the optimal number and spatial distribution of refineries were identified for service radii of 100, 200 and 300 km. Thirdly, considering the actual distribution of China’s refineries, general rules for the number of refinery layout points and objective values were summarized, and 52 refinery layout points were selected for China. Finally, with ArcGIS spatial analysis tools, the spatial effect of the 52 optimal refinery layout points was simulated for the service scope and socioeconomic factors respectively, and the GDP and population data for each refinery layout point were then ex-tracted within the service scope. On this basis and with estimation of the intensity of crude-oil consumption, final results were obtained for the optimal spatial organization of the Chinese refining capacity and ethylene production capacity.     

农村居民点空间模式调整研究——以江苏省为例

以江苏省为例,将农村居民点空间模式划分为低密度块状、低密度点状、高密度点状、高密度条带状4种类型,指出农村居民点空间发展存在着规模小、布局分散、空心化、设施缺乏与重复建设等问题.这些空间发展中的问题与自然环境、经济社会条件及政策制度密切相关,可以根据不同农村居民点空间模式类型采取设施集中型、聚落整合型、资源整合型、综合整治型等不同的调整思路,实现农村空间可持续发展.     

Optimizing layout of pumping well in irrigation district for groundwater sustainable use in northwest China

Optimizing layout of pumping well plays a vital role in curbing the groundwater level decline. A novel optimization model is presented in this study. First, the optimal well number is obtained by taking into account factors of local economy and environment based on nonlinear programming model. Then, the well spatial layout assessment model is attained based on information entropy weight and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). After that, the relative closeness to positive ideal solution of alternative (c_i) on the rationality of well spatial layout in cultivated land is calculated, and a set of alternatives are ranked according to the descending order of c_i. Finally, the well optimization layout is obtained by combining the optimal well number with well spatial layout assessment result based on the GIS data of pumping wells. As a case study, this method was applied in Yongchang Irrigation District of Shiyang River Basin, the arid region of northwest China. Results show that under the conditions of sustainable use of water resources, the irrigation district needed 724 wells for irrigation, with a decrease of 31.0% when compared with the existing number of wells. The wells with low flow rate and operating efficiency distributed in high density where groundwater is over‐exploitation were recommended to be closed. This well optimization layout method is expected to play a significant role in helping make plans for exploiting groundwater at more sustainable level, curbing the groundwater level decline trend, and improving the local ecological environment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multi‐slicing strategy for the three‐dimensional discontinuity layout optimization (3D DLO)

Discontinuity layout optimization (DLO) is a recently presented topology optimization method for determining the critical layout of discontinuities and the associated upper bound limit load for plane two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional (3D) problems. The modelling process (pre‐processing) for DLO includes defining the discontinuities inside a specified domain and building the target function and the global constraint matrix for the optimization solver, which has great influence on the the efficiency of the computation processes and the reliability of the final results. This paper focuses on efficient and reliable pre‐processing of the discontinuities within the 3D DLO and presents a multi‐slicing strategy, which naturally avoids the overlapping and crossing of different discontinuities. Furthermore, the formulation of the 3D discontinuity considering a shape of an arbitrary convex polygon is introduced, permitting the efficient assembly of the global constraint matrix. The proposed method eliminates unnecessary discontinuities in 3D DLO, making it possible to apply 3D DLO for solving large‐scale engineering problems such as those involving landslides. Numerical examples including a footing test, a 3D landslide and a punch indentation are considered, illustrating the effectiveness of the presented method. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

中国原油进口地域格局演进分析

随着能源消耗的增加,中国能源缺口不断扩大,原油进口依存度也随之攀升,实施进口来源多元化战略的重要性日益突出,而多元化战略应该确立在总体把握石油进口地域格局的基础之上。本文以1997～2008年间中国原油进口源地分布入手,分析了此时间段内进口原油的地域格局、原油进口格局的演变特征及演变轨迹,探讨了影响原油贸易地域格局的主要因素与原油贸易空间格局的形成与演进机制,为进一步探索其演化趋势,更好地实施进口多元化战略奠定基础。     

地电场布极方式研究

针对南京地震台地电场无斜道测量的布极方式,从地电场的矢量特性着手,经过对观测数据的分析,认为目前普遍采用地电场斜道观测的方式可以取消,增加NS测道和EW测道的测量,加大地震前兆数据的采集,为地震预报提供更多的前兆观测数据。     

国内外公共服务设施空间布局研究进展

按照纵向发展时序对国内外公共服务设施空间布局研究的视角、方法和主题进行了梳理。结果表明：国外研究主题历经了区位选择和布局模式、空间布局的公平性和可达性、布局的社会分异及其形成机制等的演变;研究视角从单纯的计量地理发展到与经济学、社会学等多学科交叉;研究方法从构建模型发展到与GIS结合等多种方法集成等。相比之下,国内研究差距明显,主要表现在研究视角欠缺多学科的交叉融合,方法多借鉴国外,缺乏创新,主题较为局限。最后提出未来研究应该多关注以下5方面：丰富可达性的内涵进行公平性度量;在以人为本的基础上整合配套多设施协同布局;注重设施的应时性和可变性;在大数据背景下开展小尺度的实证研究;植根中国实际,研究对象转向农村地区以及城市边缘区。