中国及邻区重要成矿带成矿规律研究与境外地质工作思考

简要报道了中国与周边国家毗邻地区重点成矿带成矿规律对比研究的工作方法及成果,在重点成矿带研究基础上,对中国及邻区若干重大地质问题进行了探讨;提出建立构造–岩浆–成矿事件序列和对比重大事件是开展境外地质矿产研究最重要的基本思路及方法。     

干旱半干旱区山地土壤水分动态变化

水分是干旱半干旱区山地植物生长的主要限制因子，在这些地区开展土壤水分动态变化研究对农业生产和生态恢复的重要性是不言而喻的。近年来土壤水分测定技术有了很大进步，中子水分仪和时城反射仪已成为常规测量仪器，新型仪器不断出现，总的趋势是仪器的精度和自动化水平不断提高。土壤水分有其时空变化规律，一方面土壤水分随季节变化而变化，另一方面土壤水分随土壤深度和水平位置的变化发生相应变化。降水是影响干旱半干旱区山地土壤水分的最重要因素，气温、太阳辐射等其它气象因子对土壤含水量也用一定影响。此外，坡向、坡度、坡位等地形因子以及土壤特性、地表植被、土地利用情况等对土壤含水量空间分布也有重要影响。总之土壤含水量的时空变化是各种环境因子综合作用的结果。目前土壤水分动态变化的研究重点是对其影响因子的研究。就我国而言，宜加强干旱河谷区土壤水分动态变化的研究，促进土壤水分动态变化研究工作全面深入地开展。     

不同植被类型对土壤全氮随降雨径流流失的控制研究--以抚仙湖流域磷矿开采区为例

地表径流挟带土壤氮进入水体是造成水体面源污染的主要途径之一。本研究依区域年降雨量的差异，将抚仙湖磷矿开采区年降雨量分别为1200-1300mm和1000-1100min的区域划分为东大河流域磷矿区和帽天山磷矿区两个研究单元，通过设置野外径流小区，在自然降雨状态下对磷矿开采废弃地与矿区现有主要植被类型土壤营养元全氮随径流流失量进行比较研究。研究结果表明：降雨强度是矿山废弃地产流的关键因子，在大、暴雨状态下矿山废弃地土壤TN流失量远大于各植被类型，对抚仙湖水质产生不利的影响。各植被类型土壤TN随径流流失量主要取决于地表径流量，径流中TN含量对其影响不大，流失总量次序与径流总量次序相一致，表现为：灌草丛〉云南松灌丛〉云南松混交林〉华山松林〉竹林〉桉树林，除灌草丛外各植被类型均能对土壤TN流失起到较强的截留作用。     

气候变化和人类活动对干旱区植被生产力的影响

在全球变化的背景下,植被生产力发生了一系列的变化,如何定量的评估中国西北干旱区气候变化和人类活动对植被生产力的影响,对于应对气候变化,促进“一带一路”生态建设以及美丽中国建设具有重要的意义。以新疆为研究区,以植被净第一性生产力（NPP）作为评价指标,分析了2001—2016年气候变化和人类活动对植被恢复和退化的影响。结果表明：（1） 从2001—2016年,植被NPP有明显变化趋势的面积占植被覆盖区总面积的34.02%,其中30.58%的面积呈现恢复趋势,3.44%的面积呈现退化趋势,NPP平均每年增加634 Gg C·a^-1(Gg=10⁹ g)。（2） 由人类活动和气候变化引起植被恢复的面积占植被NPP变化总面积的42.03%和30.58%;在上述两个区域,NPP平均每年增加量分别为319 Gg C·a^-1和59 Gg C·a^-1。由人类活动和气候变化引起植被退化的面积占NPP变化总面积的57.63%和19.45%;其中,在上述两个退化区域,NPP平均每年分别减少68 Gg C·a^-1和7 Gg C·a^-1。（3） 不同植被类型中,人类活动对农作物、荒漠、草地、高山植被的恢复作用大于退化作用,对森林、灌丛、沼泽的退化作用大于恢复作用;气候变化对沼泽的退化作用大于恢复作用,对其他6种植被类型的恢复作用大于退化作用。总体上,人类活动是影响新疆植被恢复和退化的主要原因。     

High-resolution seabed imagery as a tool for biodiversity conservation planning on continental margins

Submarine canyons increase seascape diversity on continental margins and harbour diverse and abundant biota vulnerable to fishing. Because many canyons are fished, there is an increasing emphasis on including them in conservation areas on continental margins. Here we report on sponge diversity and bottom cover in three canyons of South-eastern Australia, test the performance of biological and abiotic surrogates, and evaluate how biological data from detailed seabed surveys can be used in conservation planning in these habitats. The biological data on sponge assemblage structure and species richness were obtained from 576 seafloor images taken between 148 and 472 m depth, yielding 65 morphospecies. Seafloor characteristics were similar within and between canyons, being almost exclusively composed of sediments with very few rocky substrates of higher relief. This environmental homogeneity did not, however, translate into biological uniformity of the megabenthos, and environmental factors were consequently poor predictors of biological features. By contrast, total bottom cover of sponges was highly correlated with species richness and served as a good proxy for species-level data in this situation. Design strategies that employ information on cover or richness of sponges provided a large dividend in conservation effort by dramatically reducing the number of spatial units required to achieve a specified conservation target of 50–90% of species to be included in reserves. This demonstrates that image-derived data are useful for the design of reserves in the deep sea, particularly where extractive sampling is not warranted. Using biological data on the sponge megabenthos to identify conservation units can also minimise socio-economic costs to fisheries because of a smaller geographic and bathymetric ambit of conservation areas.     

A new typology of benefits derived from marine protected areas

Global decline of marine resources has triggered a worldwide demand for changing the way ocean resources are managed. Ecosystem-based management approaches have emerged using marine protected areas (MPA) as the main tool. Several classifications of marine protected areas benefits have been made, but all have focused only on the benefits to humans, neglecting many important benefits accrued to nature. This paper presents a new comprehensive classification of MPA benefits that will provide scientists and managers with an inclusive framework to accurately identify and account for all possible benefits derived from MPAs. The paper also analyses the methods available for valuing these benefits. A total of 99 benefits were identified within nine main categories: fishery, non-fishery, management, education/research, cultural, process, ecosystem, population and species benefits. These categories are arranged in two main divisions (direct and indirect benefits), which, at the same time, fall within the realms of benefits to humans and to nature.     

Establishing a transboundary network of marine protected areas: Diplomatic and management options for the east African context

International conservation efforts and cooperation are increasingly necessary, particularly at an ecoregion level, for the achievement of international targets for protecting biodiversity and degradation of ecosystems. Whereas more than 11 percent of land is protected, less than 1 percent of marine space is similarly protected. Transboundary networks of marine protected areas and transboundary marine protected areas (TBMPAs) are an essential form of cooperation for meeting these international targets. This paper explores the diplomatic and political options for regional and sub-regional cooperation between Tanzania, Mozambique, and South Africa, for the establishment of transboundary conservation mechanisms in the Eastern African Marine Ecoregion (EAME). Five options for the establishment and management of these mechanisms are presented, together with actions to be taken to facilitate cooperation. The paper deal with a proposed strategy for the implementation of transboundary conservation mechanisms, focusing on TBMPAs, between the three countries at a biogeographical/sub-regional level, supported by lessons learnt in other transboundary marine conservation experiences. The paper concludes that although political will may exist among States sharing borders to establish TBMPAs, the complexity of dealing with sub-regional realities is a difficult obstacle to overcome in a single step. The situation at each border must be taken into account in order that different multi-scale and multivariate solutions, supported by a common baseline will ultimately converge in a common trilateral framework. Finally, a two-step approach seems to be in course with the declaration (October 2009) of a TBMPA linking Ponta do Ouro in Mozambique to iSimangaliso Wetland Park in South Africa, following one of the options formerly presented.     

基于DEM的山区遥感图像地形校正方法

基于地表反射为各向异性的假定,可以将遥感图像的地形校正分为光照和反射率校正两部分。基于6S大气校正模型和数字高程模型(DEM)对山区遥感图像进行光照和反射率校正,通过消除遥感图像中大气和地形的影响,反演得到地表反射率。通过对江西兴国县TM图像的实验,实现了对山区遥感图像的地形校正。对模型中的大气参数进行了敏感性分析,发现大气参数的误差对地表反射率的反演精度影响较小。     

用鲁宝地区铝土矿资源优势促平顶山市经济发展

鲁（山）宝（丰）地区铝土矿资源丰富,已探明储量３２９０万ｔ,远景储量２００万ｔ以上。本文分析了铝土矿资源及开采现状,结合我国铝工业发展现状及对氧化铝、原铝的需求状况、平顶山地区能源条件,利用矿床经济评价方法,对建立铝土矿矿山企业和氧化铝厂的可行性提出了看法。     

城镇化背景下欠发达县域土地利用结构与经济绩效关联度及优化分析——以江西上饶市万年县为例

基于信息熵模型和多因素加权法研究万年县土地利用结构有序度以及土地经济绩效变化趋势,通过灰色关联度模型分析两者的关联度。结果表明:万年县的土地利用结构日趋合理,土地经济绩效日益增长;土地利用结构与经济绩效存在最显著相关性的一级地类是交通运输用地,二级地类是公路用地;从2011~2017年石镇镇、梓埠镇、青云镇、汪家乡、苏桥乡、上坊乡六个乡镇的公路用地占各乡镇土地总面积的比例增量较少,经济增长比排名靠后,需要调整土地结构,加大对公路用地的投入。研究成果可为区域土地利用结构优化提供参考,为欠发达县域的经济发展提供指导建议。