Indexing large geographic datasets with compact qualitative representation

This paper develops a new mechanism to efficiently compute and compactly store qualitative spatial relations between spatial objects, focusing on topological and directional relations for large datasets of region objects. The central idea is to use minimum bounding rectangles (MBRs) to approximately represent region objects with arbitrary shape and complexity and only store spatial relations that cannot be unambiguously inferred from the relations of corresponding MBRs. We demonstrate, both in theory and practice, that our approach requires considerably less construction time and storage space, and can answer queries more efficiently than the state-of-the-art methods.     

EPSG软件在大比例尺地形图缩编中的应用

介绍了EPSG的功能以及缩编规则与流程的介绍,阐述了EPSG软件在地图缩编中的具体应用,实现了大比例尺地图缩编.     

Simplified equivalent representation of GPS observation equations

The single and double-differencing operation of GPS observations is effectively used to eliminate nuisance parameters of receiver- and satellite-specific biases. According to the theorem of equivalent representation, we develop the simplified equations that equivalently represent the single and double-differenced observation equations using corresponding pseudo-observations in single or multi-baseline solutions. The transformation of the covariance matrix of original observables is no longer necessary. Therefore, the algorithms are very convenient for programming and efficient in computation. The unbiased estimate of the variance of unit weight is also derived from equivalent observation equations. The simplified equations are verified by numerical examples.     

基于小波多尺度分析的DEM数据综合研究

在同一地区,随着数字高程模型(DEM)分辨率的降低,或者地形图比例尺的缩小,DEM或地形图所描述的地形表面的细节部分不断舍弃而表现出宏观的骨架特征。本文将小波多尺度分析方法和方根模型结合模拟这一过程,由基于1:1万比例尺地形图建立的DEM生成了两种新的较小比例尺DEM,对比不同比例尺等高线可知,较小比例尺保持了较大比例尺的山体轮廓、山脊、谷地走向等地貌形态的塑造。采用坡度和剖面曲率两个参数及信息论的方法,分别对原始DEM和新生成的DEM进行分析和验证,结果表明,DEM经过数据综合,不但地形表面的轮廓越来越平缓,而且地形表面的细节也越来越平滑。利用方根模型作为小波高频系数阈值选取的依据更贴近于传统制图综合方法,能够将比例尺的改变与综合程度结合起来,实现任意比例尺DEM的自动综合。     

手机地图显示尺度划分方法研究

随着移动通信技术的发展,手机地图逐渐成为人们获取位置信息的重要工具。由于手机地图具有屏幕小,快速移动和近距离阅读等特点,所以手机地图内容各要素的分层显示特征更为明显,这要求手机地图显示尺度的划分更加精细。而现有基础电子地图多尺度显示模型无法完全适用于手机地图多尺度显示。为此,针对不同要素视觉感受的差异性,利用眼动实验定量确定了手机地图各要素载负量的权重和计算方法。在此基础上,综合考虑不同要素载负量对显示尺度划分的影响,提出了一种利用主成分迭代分析建立手机地图多尺度显示模型的方法。并与现有基于地图面积载负量建立的地图多尺度显示模型进行了分析比较,为今后手机地图多尺度显示提供科学的参考依据。     

Policy without politics: technocratic control of climate change adaptation policy making in Nepal

As developing countries around the world formulate policies to address climate change, concerns remain as to whether the voices of those most exposed to climate risk are represented in those policies. Developing countries face significant challenges for contextualizing global-scale scientific research into national political dynamics and downscaling global frameworks to sub-national levels, where the most affected are presumed to live. This article critiques the ways in which the politics of representation and climate science are framed and pursued in the process of climate policy development, and contributes to an understanding of the relative effectiveness of globally framed, generic policy mechanisms in vulnerable and politically volatile contexts. Based on this analysis, it also outlines opportunities for the possibility of improving climate policy processes to contest technocratic framing and generic international adaptation solutions.

Policy relevance

Nepal's position as one of the countries most at risk from climate change in the Himalayas has spurred significant international support to craft climate policy responses over the past few years. Focusing on the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) and the Climate Change Policy, this article examines the extent to which internationally and scientifically framed climate policy in Nepal recognizes the unfolding political mobilizations around the demand for a representative state and equitable adaptation to climate risks. This is particularly important in Nepal, where political unrest in the post-conflict transition after the end of the civil war in 2006 has focused around struggles over representation for those historically on the political margins. Arguing that vulnerability to climate risk is produced in conjunction with social and political conditions, and that not everyone in the same locality is equally vulnerable, we demonstrate the multi-faceted nature of the politics of representation for climate policy making in Nepal. However, so far, this policy making has primarily been shaped through a technocratic framing that avoids political contestations and downplays the demand for inclusive and deliberative processes. Based on this analysis, we identify the need for a flexible, contextually grounded, and multi-scalar approach to political representation while also emphasizing the need for downscaling climate science that can inform policy development and implementation to achieve fair and effective adaptation to climate change.     

地图信息论:从狭义到广义的发展回顾

地图是人类认识客观世界的有力工具。地图的核心功能是传输空间信息。自20世纪60年代源自通信领域的信息论被引入地图信息度量.现代地图学已经发展了一个崭新的研究领域——地图信息论。本文旨在对近50年来地图信息论的发展历程进行回顾,论述从狭义到广义地图信息论的基本概念、研究进展及应用领域,最后对地图信息论的发展进行了展望。     

有向拓扑的河系渐变自动绘制算法

河系渐变绘制是地图制图中水系要素表达的重要方面。针对全自动河系渐变研究较少的现状,该文提出一种基于树状约束stroke特征的河系渐变自动绘制算法。该方法在深入分析有向拓扑的数据结构基础上,重点解决河口模式识别、树状约束stroke特征构建、河系层次关系建立、主支流分级渐变等问题,实现全自动河系渐变,并进行实践测试。结果表明,该算法在地图制图过程中无须对河系河源、河口识别、河系分层和河系渐变进行人工干预,自动化程度高,大幅度提升制图效率,渐变效果优于人工绘制效果。     

地级市行政区划图册的设计构想

我国目前行政区划分为省、市、县、乡、村、村小组6个等级。用不同比例尺、不同地图语言反映行政区划各级区域的地理地貌特征和人文要素,就是行政区划图的中心内容,该图既具有小比例尺地图的普遍特性,又具有专题地图的专业特性。本文通过《抚顺市行政区划图册》的设计构想,探讨地级市行政区划图册制作的途径。     

大比例尺数字化地形图智能化缩编方法及应用

地形图是进行城乡规划、土地利用总体规划的重要依据,对于全面加强土地管理具有重要作用。但是,使用传统方法进行地形图缩编费时费力,本文以某市1∶500到1∶2 000地形图缩编为例,充分利用Auto CAD的二次开发功能、FME Converter平台的数据格式转换和Arc GIS的制图综合工具,采用半自动缩编的方法,提高缩编的工作效率,提供了一种智能化缩编方法的新思路,并介绍地形图中各要素的关键编绘技术及其处理技巧。