1961—2020年中国区域性高温过程的气候特征及变化趋势

利用全国2419个国家气象观测站长序列日最高气温资料,依据目前国家气候中心业务上采用的区域性高温过程客观判别标准和综合评估模型,对1961—2020年我国区域性高温过程的最早开始和最晚结束日期、发生频次以及过程的持续时间、覆盖范围、高温强度和综合强度等的气候特征和长期变化趋势进行了分析.结果显示：（1）我国区域性高温过程平均每年发生4次,在5月上旬至10月上旬均可出现,主要集中在6月下旬至8月下旬,其中7、8月发生最为频繁.区域性高温过程在年内的首次出现日期平均为6月18日,末次结束日期平均为8月31日.平均每次过程覆盖760站、高温强度36.4℃、持续日数13天.（2）近60年来,我国区域性高温过程在年内的首次出现日期明显提前、末次结束日期显著推后,整个高温期大幅变长;区域性高温过程的发生频次呈先减少后增加变化特征,1990s以后维持高位;区域性高温过程的平均高温强度先减弱后增强,1980—2020年增强趋势显著;区域性高温过程的覆盖范围显著增大、持续时间显著变长、综合强度显著增强.（3）近60年,我国历年区域性高温过程的首次开始时间和末次结束时间,高温期长度及高温过程发生频次等均没有发生气候突变;区域性高温过程的平均高温强度在1987年由弱转强,并在2002年进一步突变增强.同时,区域性高温过程的影响范围、持续时间和综合强度分别在1998、2016和2012年前后突变增加和增强.总体而言,近60年来我国区域性高温过程已发生了显著变化,高温灾害趋于严重.

     

Optimum design and application of non‐traditional tuned mass damper toward seismic response control with experimental test verification

A variant type of tuned mass damper (TMD) termed as ‘non‐traditional TMD (NTTMD)’ is recently proposed. Mainly focusing on the employment of TMD for seismic response control, especially for base‐isolated or high‐rise structures, this paper aims to derive design formulae of NTTMDs based on two methodologies with different targets. One is the fixed points theory with the performance index set as the maximum magnitude of the frequency response function of the relative displacement of the primary structure with respect to the ground acceleration, and the other is the stability maximization criterion (SMC) to make the free vibration of the primary structure decay in the minimum duration. Such optimally designed NTTMDs are compared with traditional TMDs by conducting both numerical simulations and experiments. The optimum‐designed NTTMDs are demonstrated to be more effective than the optimum‐designed traditional TMDs, with smaller stroke length required. In particular, the effectiveness of the TMDs combined with a base‐isolated structure is investigated by small‐scale model experimental tests subjected to a time scaled long period impulsive excitation, and it is demonstrated that the SMC‐based NTTMD can suppress structural free vibration responses in the minimum duration and requires much smaller accommodation space. Additionally, a small‐scale shaking table experiment on a high‐rise bending model attached with a SMC‐based NTTMD is conducted. This study indicates that NTTMD has a high potential to apply to seismic response control or retrofit of structures such as base‐isolated or central column‐integrated high‐rise structures even if only a limited space is available for accommodating TMDs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Shaking table test and analysis method on ultimate behavior of slender base‐isolated structure supported by laminated rubber bearings

This paper describes the results of shaking table tests to ascertain the ultimate behavior of slender base‐isolated buildings and proposes a time history response analysis method, which can predict the ultimate behavior of base‐isolated buildings caused by buckling fracture in laminated rubber bearings. In the tests, a base‐isolated structure model weighing 192 kN supported by four lead rubber bearings is used. The experimental parameters are the aspect ratio of height‐to‐distance between the bearings and the shape of and the axial stress on the bearings. The test results indicate that the motion types of the superstructure at large input levels can be classified into three types: the sinking type; the uplift type; and the mixed type. These behaviors depend on the relationship between the static ultimate lateral uplifting force on the superstructure and the lateral restoring characteristics of the base‐isolated story. In the analysis method, bearing characteristics are represented by a macroscopic mechanical model that is expanded by adding an axial spring to an existing model. Nonlinear spring characteristics are used for its rotational, shear, and axial spring. The central difference method is applied to solve the equation of motion. To verify the validity of the method, simulation analysis of the shaking table tests are carried out. The results of the analysis agree well with the test results. The proposed model can express the buckling behavior of bearings in the large deformation range. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

重大建设工程基本自振周期估算方法探讨

在对规范和文献资料的研究和分析的基础上,本文探讨了(超)高层建筑、巨型储油罐、大跨桥梁工程等重大建设工程基本自振周期的估算方法.在工程场地地震安全性评价工作中,可采用本文提供的重大建设工程基本自振周期估算的公式.同时,本文为长周期地震动对工程结构作用的相关参数的合理确定提供了依据.     

圆柱形支撑大跨度建筑结构强震冲击分析模型仿真

圆柱形支撑大跨度建筑稳定性较差,不能在强震冲击下保持稳定的结构状态。为解决此问题,设计圆柱形支撑大跨度建筑结构强震下冲击分析仿真模型,通过圆柱分析法则的确定、有限元支撑模拟分析与监测、圆柱形支撑体系承载能力分析以完成模型的仿真分析与监测。基于此对大跨度建筑结构强震冲击进行静力分析,调整强震冲击下模型的结构,完成模型的搭建。模拟强震冲击环境,设计对比实验结果表明,应用圆柱形支撑大跨度建筑结构强震下冲击分析仿真模型,可明确圆柱形支撑大跨度建筑薄弱点,发现稳定性较差建筑结构单元,达到提升圆柱形支撑大跨度建筑在强震冲击下稳定性的目的。     

The effect of land cover change on duration and severity of high and low flows

Land cover has been increasingly recognized as an important factor affecting hydrologic processes at the basin and regional level. Therefore, improved understanding of how land cover change affects hydrologic systems is needed for better management of water resources. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of land cover change on the duration and severity of high and low flows by using the Soil Water Assessment Tool model, Bayesian model averaging and copulas. Two basins dominated by different land cover in the Ohio River basin are used as study area in this study. Two historic land covers from the 1950s and 1990s are considered as input to the Soil Water Assessment Tool model, thereby investigating the hydrologic high and low flow response of different land cover conditions of these two basins. The relationships between the duration and severity of both low and high flow are defined by applying the copula method; changes in the frequency of the duration and severity are investigated. The results show that land cover changes affect both the duration and severity of both high and low flows. An increase in forest area leads to a decrease in the duration and severity during both high and low flows, but its impact is highest during extreme flows. The results also show that the land cover changes have had significant influences on changes in the joint return periods of duration and severity of low and high flows. While this study sheds light on the role of land cover change on severity and duration of high and low flow conditions, more studies using various land cover conditions and climate types are required in order to draw more reliable conclusions in the future. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

太湖水体叶绿素浓度反演模型适宜性分析

为确定适合太湖水体叶绿素的反演算法,为同类卫星数据的建模和应用提供参考,本文根据太湖2007年11月、2009年4月和2011年8月实测水质参数以及同步光谱数据,结合水色遥感传感器MODIS、MERIS、GOCI及我国自主发射的HJ-1号卫星CCD传感器波段参数,基于差值模型、比值模型、三波段模型及APPEL模型,分别建立太湖水体叶绿素浓度反演模型,并分析模型的适宜性.结果显示,基于不同传感器数据APPEL模型的决定系数为0.7308~0.8107,模型相对误差为15%~24%,均方根误差为21%~32%;三波段模型基于不同传感器数据拟合的决定系数为0.6014~0.7610,相对误差为28%~36%,相对均方根误差为39%~46%;差值模型决定系数为0.4954~0.7244,相对误差为39%~53%,相对均方根误差为51%~72%;比值模型决定系数为0.4918~0.7098,相对误差为41%~55%,相对均方根误差为56%~75%.相比较而言,APPEL模型的稳定性较强,适合于不同传感器数据的太湖水体叶绿素浓度的反演.此外,相应不同传感器波段位置、波段宽度对模型反演的精度和稳定性的影响也不同,当波段位置接近叶绿素特征波长时,较窄的波宽有利于模型精度的提高,波段位置和叶绿素浓度特征波长相差较大时,合理增加波谱范围有利于叶绿素特征信息的获取.     

伊拉克A油田白垩系孔隙型生屑灰岩高渗透层成因及分布特征

伊拉克A油田白垩系孔隙型碳酸盐岩高渗透储层具有分布普遍、类型复杂、成因多样等特征。岩石类型主要为泥晶生屑砂屑灰岩、亮晶生屑砂屑灰岩及泥晶生屑灰岩;生物扰动加剧了碳酸盐岩储层非均质性,导致高渗透储层在全油田广泛分布。通过岩心观察、常规薄片和铸体薄片的观察和测量,孔隙度、渗透率和毛管压力的测定,综合区域地质研究成果,发现高渗层的形成受层序演化、次级相对海平面变化、沉积环境、硬底形成、生物扰动及(准)同生期暴露淋滤等复杂多因素共同控制。高渗透储层形成模式表现为Khasib组沉积时期为晚高位域期,在Kh2-1-2L段上部沉积过程中,发生首次次级相对海平面下降,形成沉积间断。沉积间断期间硬底和区域规模性的生物扰动同时发育,在Kh2-1-2L段硬底尚未被胶结的相对疏松的基质中掘穴,形成厚几十厘米、迂曲状互相贯通的生物扰动通道。沉积间断结束后,在晚期高位域层序背景下,次级相对海平面上升,松散生屑砂屑充填扰动通道。由于沉积物堆积速率较快,限制了胶结作用的发生,使扰动通道内充填物能够发育连通性好的粒间孔,而后次级相对海平面再次下降,发生(准)同生期暴露淋滤。由于扰动部位连通性好,成为溶蚀流体优势通道,导致沿扰动部位发育溶孔及扩溶缝,形成了“粒间孔+溶孔+溶缝”高渗透网络。A油田高渗透储层物性表现出发育强烈生物扰动的部位具有明显高渗特征,其孔喉较粗,排驱压力低,孔喉配位数高、连通性好。高渗层全区稳定发育,由西至东厚度逐渐增大,高渗层的分布对油田单井产量、含水上升和油田采出程度影响较大。     

陡坡寺中微风化料的大型三轴试验研究

随着西部山区的基础设施建设进入迅速发展的阶段,越来越多的高填方工程正在或将要兴建,而对填料力学性质的认识也就成为决定这些高填方工程安全性的重要因素。通过一系列大型三轴试验,对分布于云南等地的陡坡寺中微风化料的剪切力学特性进行了研究。结果表明,陡坡寺中微风化料与典型堆石料的力学特性有很大不同,其强度较低,并且应力-应变关系、强度和刚度等特征都比较接近于细粒土。另外,水对陡坡寺中微风化料的力学特性有着显著的影响,其遇水后强度大为降低,因此,在设计和施工中必须予以充分考虑。对试验数据的拟合表明,邓肯-张模型能较好地模拟陡坡寺中微风化料在不同围压下的应力-应变关系。     

关于A型花岗岩判别过程中若干问题的讨论

自A型花岗岩提出(1979年)30年来,其内涵和外延相对于原始定义而言已发生了很大的变化.主要针对A型花岗岩的各种判别方法(尤其是判别图解)的有效性和局限性进行了讨论.这些判别方法对于A型花岗岩的判定并不总是奏效,所以在实践过程中不能过于依赖判别图解,否则就很容易得出错误的结论.实际上,A型花岗岩最本质的特征很可能在于它是一种高温花岗岩(相时于I型争S型花岗岩),因此较高地温梯度下的各种地球动力学背景均有利于这一类型花岗岩的发育.