利用结构面对象的高分遥感影像建筑物变化检测

根据建筑物具有丰富的角点和规则的外观形状的特点,本文提出了依据线段信息生成建筑物变化检测基本单元——结构面对象的建筑物变化检测方法.从高分遥感影像中提取出建筑物的边缘线及屋顶外形线条,生成结构面对象并提取其在两时相影像中相应的特征信息,通过监督分类获取变化建筑区域.试验结果表明,利用结构面对象进行建筑物变化检测能较完整...     

BOOK REVIEWS

Books Reviewed in this article: Lob Trees in the Wilderness . Clifford and Isabel Ahlgren . Satellite Microwave Remote Sensing . T. D. Allan , ed. Sunbelt Cities: Politics and Growth Since World War II . Richard M. Bernard and Bradley R. Rice , eds. Legacy of Minneapolis: Preservation Amid Change . John R. Borchert , David Gebhard , David Lanegran , and Judith A. Martin . Bloomington, MN: Preparing a Historic Preservation Ordinance. Richard J. Roddewig . The Mountains of Northeastern Tasmania, A Study of Alpine Geomorphology . Nel Caine . Introductory Cartography . John Campbell . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Changing Climate . Manual of Remote Sensing, Second Edition . 2 Vols. Robert N. Colwell , ed.-in-chief; David S. Simonett and John E. Estes , vol. eds. Remote Sensing in Meteorology, Oceanography and Hydrology . A. P. Cracknell , ed. Multidimensional Scaling . Mark L. Davison . Environmental Karst . Percy H. Dougherty , ed. The Urban Environment . Ian Douglas . Geomorphology of Europe . Clifford Embleton , ed. An Introduction to South Asia . B. H. Farmer . Great Geological Controversies . A. Hallam . Hazardous Waste Management: In Whose Backyard? Michalann Harthill , ed. Energy for Subsistence . Margaret Haswell . Perspective on Ratzel's Political Geography . James M. Hunter . Economic Deposits and their Tectonic Setting . Charles S. Hutchison . Energy Risk Assessment . Herbert Inhaber . Discovering the Vernacular Landscape . John Brinckerhoff Jackson . Climate and Energy Systems: A Review of Their Interactions . Jill Jäger . Dilemmas in Regional Policy . Antoni Kuklinski and J. G. Lambooy , eds. California Farmland: A History of Large Agricultural Landholdings . Ellen Liebman . The Spatial Organization of New Land Settlement in Latin America . Jacob O. Maos . Dark Continent: Africa as Seen by Americans . Michael McCarthy . Westport, CT: Climatology: An Introduction . John E. Oliver and John J. Hidore . Columbus, OH: The Geography of Warfare . Patrick O'Sullivan and Jesse W. Miller . The Expanding City. Essays in Honour of Professor Jean Gottmann . John Patten , ed. Scotland's Environment During the Last 30,000 Years . Robert J. Price . Integrated Urban Models . S. H. Putman . Development and the Environmental Crisis: Red or Green Alternatives? Michael Redclift .     

一种纳米纯AgI气溶胶的制备方法 及其成冰核活性的检测

将100mg纯AgI粉末置于一个气氛炉的汽化管内加热到1600℃使之汽化,再利用高压空气将气态AgI爆冲到一个容积为2m~3的金属容器里,骤冷后形成AgI气溶胶。用碳支持膜对形成的AgI气溶胶粒子自然沉降取样,然后用X射线衍射仪和电镜检测其成分和粒子尺度。检测表明:粉末状纯AgI经汽化—冷凝产生的气溶胶其成分仍为纯AgI,粒子尺度在0.84～34.6nm,峰值直径约为2.17nm。为了验证产生的纳米纯AgI气溶胶在冰核化中是否具有成冰核活性,用15L混合云室分别在云室中有冷雾和无冷雾两种条件下定量注入纳米纯AgI气溶胶,检测了它们在不同温度下的成冰核效率,检测结果是:在云室中有-10℃冷雾时,成核率为1.1×10~(11)个·g~(-1),在云室中-10℃无冷雾时,成核率约为3.4×10~(10)个·g~(-1)。     

X波段双偏振雷达垂直指向法标定的应用

垂直指向法标定是双偏振雷达的差分反射率因子ZDR标定有效方法的一种,可以订正ZDR测量误差,提高雷达数据的质量。本文基于双发双收模式的X波段双线偏振天气雷达系统,通过分析雷达硬件系统和垂直指向法标定的数据,诊断了观测数值的一些质量问题,初步判断是方位旋转关节损坏而导致ZDR的数值在某一固定区域上出现较大偏差。更换新的方位旋转关节后,对比处理问题前后的垂直指向标定数据证明能有效解决此问题。最后,经过多次试验分析表明,当垂直指向法标定在回波强度为25.5~30.5dB之间的中等范围稳定的层状云降水情况下使用时,其标定的数据能有效订正系统ZDR偏移量。     

Mapping spatiotemporal patterns of events using social media: a case study of influenza trends

Tracking spatial and temporal trends of events (e.g. disease outbreaks and natural disasters) is important for situation awareness and timely response. Social media, with increasing popularity, provide an effective way to collect event-related data from massive populations and thus a significant opportunity to dynamically monitor events as they emerge and evolve. While existing research has demonstrated the value of social media as sensors in event detection, estimating potential time spans and influenced areas of an event from social media remains challenging. Challenges include the unstable volumes of available data, the spatial heterogeneity of event activities and social media data, and the data sparsity. This paper describes a systematic approach to detecting potential spatiotemporal patterns of events by resolving these challenges through several interrelated strategies: using kernel density estimation for smoothed social media intensity surfaces; utilizing event-unrelated social media posts to help map relative event prevalence; and normalizing event indicators based on historical fluctuation. This approach generates event indicator maps and significance maps explaining spatiotemporal variations of event prevalence to identify space-time regions with potentially abnormal event activities. The approach has been applied to detect influenza activity patterns in the conterminous US using Twitter data. A set of experiments demonstrated that our approach produces high-resolution influenza activity maps that could be explained by available ground truth data.     

Automatic change detection in lane-level road networks using GPS trajectories

Lane-level road network updating is crucial for urban traffic applications that use geographic information systems contributing to, for example, intelligent driving, route planning and traffic control. Researchers have developed various algorithms to update road networks using sensor data, such as high-definition images or GPS data; however, approaches that involve change detection for road networks at lane level using GPS data are less common. This paper presents a novel method for automatic change detection of lane-level road networks based on GPS trajectories of vehicles. The proposed method includes two steps: map matching at lane level and lane-level change recognition. To integrate the most up-to-date GPS data with a lane-level road network, this research uses a fuzzy logic road network matching method. The proposed map-matching method starts with a confirmation of candidate lane-level road segments that use error ellipses derived from the GPS data, and then computes the membership degree between GPS data and candidate lane-level segments. The GPS trajectory data is classified into successful or unsuccessful matches using a set of defuzzification rules. Any topological and geometrical changes to road networks are detected by analysing the two kinds of matching results and comparing their relationships with the original road network. Change detection results for road networks in Wuhan, China using collected GPS trajectories show that these methods can be successfully applied to detect lane-level road changes including added lanes, closed lanes and lane-changing and turning rules, while achieving a robust detection precision of above 80%.     

青海省柴达木地区钾肥生产企业粉尘、噪声主要职业病危害的调查分析

青海是我国资源较为丰富的省份,钾盐资源的开发及钾肥生产在国内占有重要地位。随着青海高原地区盐湖钾肥产业的迅速发展,相关部门对该行业职业卫生、职业病防治工作日渐重视。通过大量的现场数据收集、整理,对青海高原地区盐湖钾肥行业作业人员面临的职业病危害因素、健康安全等相关问题进行了总结和分析,提出了有针对性的防范措施。     

Understanding spatial structures and organizational patterns of city networks in China: A highway passenger flow perspective

The use of multi-perspective and multi-scalar city networks has gradually developed into a range of critical approaches to understand spatial interactions and linkages. In particular, road linkages represent key characteristics of spatial dependence and distance decay, and are of great significance in depicting spatial relationships at the regional scale. Therefore, based on highway passenger flow data between prefecture-level administrative units, this paper attempted to identify the functional structures and regional impacts of city networks in China, and to further explore the spatial organization patterns of the existing functional regions, aiming to deepen our understanding of city network structures and to provide new cognitive perspectives for ongoing research. The research results lead to four key conclusions. First, city networks that are based on highway flows exhibit strong spatial dependence and hierarchical characteristics, to a large extent spatially coupled with the distributions of major megaregions in China. These phenomena are a reflection of spatial relationships at regional scales as well as core-periphery structure. Second, 19 communities that belong to an important type of spatial configuration are identified through community detection algorithm, and we suggest they are correspondingly urban economic regions within urban China. Their spatial metaphors include the administrative region economy, spatial spillover effects of megaregions, and core-periphery structure. Third, each community possesses a specific city network system and exhibits strong spatial dependence and various spatial organization patterns. Regional patterns have emerged as the result of multi-level, dynamic, and networked characteristics. Fourth, adopting a morphology-based perspective, the regional city network systems can be basically divided into monocentric, dual-nuclei, polycentric, and low-level equilibration spatial structures, while most are developing monocentrically.     

一种估计粗差大小的新方法——先验方差待定参数法

提出一种利用先验方差信息进行测量数据处理中粗差估计的新方法——先验方差待定参数法。该方法无需进行最小二乘和假设检验,计算简便。从基本原理出发,给出其数学模型,然后通过3个算例,与QUAD法等其他常用的粗差估计方法进行对比,证明该方法的可靠性和实用性。     

多模态地理大数据时空分析方法

多模态地理大数据时空分析旨在融合地理大数据的多模态信息发现有价值的时空分布规律、异常表现、关联模式与变化趋势,是全空间信息系统的核心研究内容,并有望成为推进地理学人地关系研究的重要突破口。为应对地理大数据时代的新机遇与挑战,本文围绕4类核心的时空分析方法（时空聚类分析、时空异常分析、时空关联分析与时空预测分析）,系统归纳了国内外研究现状,探讨了时空分析中多尺度建模、多视角协同、多特征认知与多特性表达的研究难点。进而,介绍了多模态地理大数据时空聚类、异常、关联与预测分析模型,更加全面、客观、精准地认知与理解时空大数据中潜在的地理知识,并且能够在气象环境监测、公共安全管理、城市设施规划等多个应用领域发挥关键作用。