地表几何形态对冲断带构造特征影响的物理模拟实验研究

设计了基底均匀的水平砂层单测挤压砂箱模型,包括水平砂层上无砂丘以及砂丘分别位于距左侧活动挡板5 cm、10 cm、15 cm、20 cm、25 cm、30 cm时的7组实验,通过实验着重对水平砂层在受单侧挤压时不同位置砂丘对冲断带的影响问题进行研究。实验结果表明,砂丘在不同位置时,冲断带的形成规模、几何形状都发生相应变化:砂丘距左侧活动挡板10～25 cm时,冲起构造发育,且冲断带的构造特征明显;而砂丘距左铡活动档板5 cm、30 cm时不发育冲起构造,主要发育逆冲断层。     

Redox cycling of iron and manganese in sediments of the Kalix River estuary, Northern Sweden

Iron and manganese redox cycling in the sediment — water interface region in the Kalix River estuary was investigated by using sediment trap data, pore-water and solid-phase sediment data. Nondetrital phases (presumably reactive Fe and Mn oxides) form substantial fractions of the total settling flux of Fe and Mn (51% of Fe_total and 84% of Mn_total). A steady-state box model reveals that nondetrital Fe and Mn differ considerably in reactivity during post-depositional redox cycling in the sediment. The production rate of dissolved Mn (1.6 mmol m^–2 d^–1) exceeded the depositional flux of nondetrital Mn (0.27 mmol m^–2 d^–1) by a factor of about 6. In contrast, the production rate of upwardly diffusing pore-water Fe (0.77 mmol m^–2 d^–1) amounted to only 22% of the depositional flux of nondetrital Fe (3.5 mmol m^–2 d^–1). Upwardly diffusing pore-water Fe and Mn are effectively oxidized and trapped in the oxic surface layer of the sediment, resulting in negligible benthic effluxes of Fe and Mn. Consequently, the concentrations of nondetrital Fe and Mn in permanently deposited, anoxic sediment are similar to those in the settling material. Reactive Fe oxides appear to form a substantial fraction of this buried, non-detrital Fe. The in-situ oxidation rates of Fe and Mn are tentatively estimated to be 0.51 and 0.16–1.7 mol cm^–3 d^–1, respectively.     

GIS空间数据库系统误差控制的黑箱方法

ＧＩＳ建库数据中系统误差的控制是当前ＧＩＳ数据质量研究领域的重要方向之一。本文提出一种直接估计系统误差综合效应的黑箱方法,而传统的仿射变换将成为该法的特例。文中首先阐述黑箱方法的基本原理,然后根据多元统计学工具建立黑箱校正模型,最后给出模型辨识和参数辨识的具体方法。     

Urban Atmospheric Chemistry During the PUMA Campaign 1: Comparison of Modelled OH and HO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Concentrations with Measurements

Photochemical box modelling was undertaken to investigate OH and HO₂ radical chemistry during summer and winter field campaigns in the urban city-centre of Birmingham in the UK. The model employed the most recent version of the Master Chemical Mechanism (v3.1) and was constrained to 15-minute average measurements of long-lived species determined in situ at the site. The model was used to predict OH and HO₂ concentrations for comparison with measurements made by the fluorescence assay by gas expansion technique. Whilst there was generally good agreement between the modelled and measured OH concentrations, particularly during summer, there was sometimes a significant model under-prediction during daylight hours, which significantly skews the overall model: measured agreement. There were less measured data available for HO₂, but the agreement between model and measurement for the days where measurements existed were less good than for OH, with one or two exceptions. The modelled:measured ratios between the hours of 11:00–15:00 h for OH were 0.58 and 0.50 for summer and winter respectively. For HO₂, the same ratios were 0.56 in the summer and 0.49 in the winter. Sensitivity studies were conducted to attempt to understand the model-measurement discrepancy. The predicted radical concentrations were particularly sensitive to changes in NO_X concentrations. Constraining the model to the observed HO₂ concentrations made the OH predictions worse. These results highlight the fact that there are many complexities in urban areas and that more highly-instrumented campaigns are required in the future to further our understanding.     

The design and performance of a new box corer for collecting undisturbed samples of soft subaquatic sediments

The Baikal sediment box corer represents an innovation in design of the closing mechanism and involves a single, thin, and flexible stainless steel blade rather than closing jaws. With this light-weight box corer only a relatively small cross-sectional area is offered to the sediment, allowing easier penetration. The closure blade is propelled smoothly across the base of the box in a downwardly convex path by a set of constant force springs. Depending on choice of blade-release mechanisms, the corer can either be triggered immediately as the support cable slackens, after a delay of a few seconds, or immediately upon retrieval. The box corer has been used successfully to sample poorly consolidated sediments in freshwater lakes over a depth range of 8 to 1624 m. Cores of deep-water surficial sediment from Lake Baikal were tested for representativity and replicability by profiling natural and artificial radioisotopes and lithostratigraphic features.     

中国北部地区沙漠鸣沙对比研究

鸣沙发声机制是一个长期悬而未决的问题。中国北部地质公园内的沙漠鸣沙地质遗迹沿北方沙漠弧形带分布,但较少被报道和研究。本文选取位于内蒙古、甘肃和新疆的沙漠鸣沙及哑沙,对其地貌特征﹑粒度组分和矿物成分进行了对比研究。结果表明鸣沙一般发育在新月型沙丘链或新月型沙丘上,紧邻湖泊或泉水,背风坡和迎风坡上都会发育鸣沙,但主要集中在背风坡,研究结果与马玉明提出的"共鸣箱"理论中的"响沙都发育在背风坡"不符;哑沙粒度明显较鸣沙粗,哑沙的平均粒径分布峰值集中在0.5φ~1φ,鸣沙粒径频率分布峰值集中在2φ~3φ;主要差别在于细砂和粗砂的组分,所有鸣沙中的细砂含量所占比例均高于52.012%,哑沙中的细砂含量低于0.881%;响沙中粗砂的含量均小于1.221%,哑沙中粗砂的含量大于48.091%。鸣沙和哑沙主要矿物成分都以石英和长石为主;鸣沙中含有高岭石,钠长石,微斜长石及方解石等,而哑沙中几乎未含这些次要矿物。本文结果表明,地貌特征和物质组成是区别鸣沙和哑沙的重要特征,对于研究鸣沙的成因具有参考价值。     

一种基于信息盒维数的DEM适宜分辨率确定方法

分辨率是DEM的重要尺度参数,但并不是分辨率越高越好,合适的DEM分辨率既可高精度的反映地形地貌特征,又可避免数据冗余。利用分形能够定量刻画自然地形特征的特点,该文提出一种基于信息盒维数的DEM适宜分辨率确定方法,基于原始DEM数据计算信息盒维数,分析信息盒维数与分辨率的关系,当从某个点开始信息盒维数值变化缓慢且趋于稳定,该点即为确定的适宜DEM分辨率。最后通过资源三号卫星数据生成的DEM数据针对不同平原、丘陵、高山等典型地形确定适宜的分辨率,对该文方法进行了验证。     

深部厚顶煤巷道让压型锚索箱梁支护系统布置方式对比研究

针对深部厚顶煤巷道围岩变形特点,以“先控后让再抗”为支护理念,设计了让压型锚索箱梁支护系统横梁、纵向单梁、纵向双梁及纵横组合4种不同布置方式的支护方案。数值试验结果表明,纵横组合方案具有最好的围岩控制效果,横梁方案支护效果相对较差。对让压型锚索箱梁支护系统的4种方案进行了现场试验,监测结果显示,纵横组合方案作用下的围岩变形量最小,其两帮移近量和顶板沉降量仅为120 mm和90 mm,同时该方案支护反力最大;锚杆、锚索受力与巷道围岩控制效果相对应,且锚索让压环作用明显;设计制作的测力箱梁监测表明,箱型支护梁受力合理协调,材料性能发挥充分。对让压型锚索箱梁支护系统及其不同布置方案的作用机制进行了探讨。综合分析表明,深部厚顶煤巷道中,优先选用让压型锚索箱梁支护系统中的纵横组合与纵向单梁方案,可有效地控制巷道围岩变形,满足支护要求。     

Identification of dynamic soil properties through shaking table tests on a large saturated sand specimen in a laminar shear box

Many laminar shear boxes have recently been developed into sliding-frame containers that can reproduce 1D ground-response boundary conditions. The measured responses of such large specimens can be utilized to back-calculate soil properties. This study investigates how the boundary effect in large specimens affects the identified soil properties through shaking table tests on a soil-filled large laminar box conducted at the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering in Taiwan. The tested soil-box system is unique because only 80% of the container is filled with soil. This system can be regarded as a two-layer system: an empty top and soil-filled bottom. The dynamic properties of this two-layer system are identified through various approaches, including theoretical solutions of wave propagation, free vibration, and nonparametric stress–strain analyzes. Therefore, the coupling effect of the box and soil can be evaluated. Results show that, compared with the two-layer system considering the influence of the box, the conventional approach with a single-layer system slightly underestimates shear wave velocity but obtains the same damping ratio of the soil layer. In addition, the identified modulus reduction and damping curves in the two-layer system are consistent with those obtained in a laboratory test on a small specimen. Furthermore, based on detailed acceleration measurements along different depths of soil, a piecewise profile of shear wave velocity is built. The identified shear wave velocity increases with depth, which is not uniform and differs from the constant velocity typically assumed for the specimen.     

Impact and cyclic shaking on loose sand properties in laminar box using gap sensors

This paper focuses on using high-frequency GAP-SENSORs (GSs), accelerometers, and load cells in a laminar shear box (LSB) filled with loose Toyoura sand to understand the effects of impact loads and cyclic shaking at 1-G on soil properties. The shear wave velocity at small strain (V_s) was calculated directly from first arrival reference using displacement time-history of two GSs under impact loading. Moreover, from first peak using the reduced deformation amplitude technique, damping ratio was calculated. In addition, shaking table tests were performed under harmonic loading with amplitude of acceleration inside the model ground varying from 0.02 g to 1 g. The frequencies of excitation varied from 1 Hz to 10 Hz. GSs and inside accelerometers were used to directly measure the outside lateral deformation and shear stress at different elevations of LSB, respectively. Results show that the shear modulus (G) and the damping ratio (D) behavior of model sand are generally consistent with the behavior presented by similar tests using only accelerometers. In addition, damping ratio increases as frequency loading increases. Characteristic changes in two shear stress components in shaking loading conditions were also investigated using high precision inside load cells.