季风上升流对印尼爪哇岛南部海域pH影响的初步研究

基于2013年9月底至10月初在印尼爪哇岛南部海域调查得到的碳酸盐参数和相关水文数据,首次报道了该海域pH的分布,并重点探讨了南爪哇上升流(季风上升流)对其影响。结果显示上升流影响区表层pH低于周围非上升流影响区。通过两端元混合模型,定量讨论了上升流的物理输运和生物活动对pH的影响。研究表明,上升流的物理输运至少造成了海表层盐度增加0.4个单位,溶解无机碳(DIC)增加110μmol/kg,pH降低约0.2个单位;同时,在上升流区,强烈的生物活动(叶绿素a浓度大于0.4mg/m3)使得DIC的降低量达70μmol/kg,pH的增加量达0.15个单位。总体来看,该研究区域的物理输运作用大于生物作用,综合效应表现为DIC的增加和pH的降低。另外,同上升流的物理输运作用和生物作用相比,上升流引起的表层冷却和增盐对pH的影响较小(热力学作用)。     

1013号“鲇鱼”台风大气边界层低层动量通量逆梯度输送的观测特征

为了进一步揭示大气边界层低层动量通量逆梯度输运的观测事实,本文利用福建南部赤湖镇海边100m铁塔上观测得到的超声风温仪资料,采用诊断方法分析了2010年13号"鲇鱼"台风影响过程中近海面边界层大气中动量垂直通量逆梯度输送特征。结果表明:在逐小时时间尺度上台风近海面边界层大气中湍流动量垂直通量输送以沿梯度方向为主,但也存在一定比例的逆梯度方向输送现象,且越往高层该现象越明显,本文中其百分比最高不超过16%。并且这一现象出现的频率在台风环流的不同区域存在差别:在台风环流的内核区域最多,其次是登陆以后残余环流区,而在早期的台风外围环流中较少。湍流低频扰动的相干结构也是影响因素,当水平扰动与垂直扰动出现同位相变化时容易出现动量垂直通量逆梯度输送。大气动量通量逆梯度的水平和垂直平均空间尺度分别为258m和35m,平均时间尺度分别为123s和13s,均小于通常的顺梯度湍流低频扰动的时空尺度的1—3倍。     

Active open boundary forcing using dual relaxation time-scales in downscaled ocean models

Regional models actively forced with data from larger scale models at their open boundaries often contain motion at different time-scales (e.g. tidal and low frequency). These motions are not always individually well specified in the forcing data, and one may require a more active boundary forcing while the other exert less influence on the model interior. If a single relaxation time-scale is used to relax toward these data in the boundary equation, then this may be difficult. The method of fractional steps is used to introduce dual relaxation time-scales in an open boundary local flux adjustment scheme. This allows tidal and low frequency oscillations to be relaxed independently, resulting in a better overall solution than if a single relaxation parameter is optimized for tidal (short relaxation) or low frequency (long relaxation) boundary forcing. The dual method is compared to the single relaxation method for an idealized test case where a tidal signal is superimposed on a steady state low frequency solution, and a real application where the low frequency boundary forcing component is derived from a global circulation model for a region extending over the whole Great Barrier Reef, and a tidal signal subsequently superimposed.     

Temperature dependent grain boundary migration in deformed-then-annealed material: Observations from experimentally deformed synthetic rocksalt

Grain boundary migration between strained, substructured grains and newly appearing, strain free grains has been observed during static in-situ annealing of pre-deformed rocksalt in the SEM. With increasing temperature (T) the migration velocity increases and the character of grain boundary migration changes. As temperature increases there is an increase in the length of individual migrating boundary segments that move at similar rates. In addition, the frequency of migrating boundaries that form traces of a {100} boundary plane of at least one of the crystals involved increases, and moving grain boundaries between new and old grains change from highly irregular to smooth, straight boundaries. At the same time there is a decrease in the influence of the substructure of pre-existing strained grains on the grain boundary movement. Resultant microstructures reflect these changes. At  325–350 °C, the deformed-then-annealed microstructure is characterized by very irregular grain boundaries, a high abundance of 5–50 m scale remnants of old, substructured grains within new grains, giving a poikilitic microstructure. At  350–400 °C, grain boundaries often exhibit elongate embayments into the strained grains and most remnants of old, strained grains are located at former grain boundaries. At > 400 °C, grain boundaries between new and old, strained grains are straight to smoothly curved.The grain boundary velocity observations are explained by the effect of temperature on mobility coupled with local driving force variations. Additionally, at low annealing temperature, impurity (solute) drag and driving-force variations are influential, while at high temperature the anisotropy in grain boundary energy with crystallographic orientation becomes more important. Transferring the knowledge from our experiments to geological samples enables us to recognize and interpret similar microstructures in rocks, thereby making it is possible to relate microstructural characteristics to the pre-annealing and post-deformational annealing history.     

浅谈RTK技术在地籍测量中的应用

RTK技术以其精度和自动化程度都比较高的优势,成为地籍测量中的重要技术手段之一。针对地籍测量的要求,从经济、精度、效率各方面探讨RTK技术在地籍测量中的应用问题,提出切实可行的技术方案。探讨了RTK技术用于地籍碎部测量的可行性,分析了各种误差的来源及对定位精度的影响,提出有效的减弱或消除措施。     

矿业权实地核查中测绘技术路线的探讨

基于多年从事工程测量相关工作经验,对矿业权实地核查项目中的准备工作、野外实测、内业成图等测绘技术路线进行了探讨,并根据作者所获得的体会,提出了一些建议,对核查的顺利进展及矿山生产技术管理有一定参考价值和借鉴意义。     

川滇黔接壤地区城镇化空间特征及驱动力分析

川滇黔接壤地区经济落后,整体城镇化水平较低,采用川滇黔接壤地区2008年各区县(市)的城镇化率作为测度指标,运用探索性空间数据分析(ESDA)方法,分析了本区域的城镇化水平的空间分布特征。通过对城镇化率的空间自相关系数Moran’s I的计算,发现各区县城镇化率的空间分布并非表现出完全随机性,而是具有明显的空间自相关性,具体表现为低值空间聚集。利用空间计量模型研究了城镇化水平的驱动机制。结果表明:空间误差模型优于空间滞后模型和OLS模型;相邻地区各因素的空间扩散效应对城镇化水平存在显著的影响,其弹性系数为0.416 1;第三产业增加值是城镇化率的最主要驱动因子,其弹性系数为0.777 7。因此,未来川滇黔接壤地区在推进城镇化时,应考虑城镇化水平的空间相关性,建立区域一体化开发政策,并积极发展第三产业,提高第三产业在国民经济中的比重。     

The Role of Shear in the Morning Transition Boundary Layer

We use large-eddy simulation (LES) to better define the early stages of the morning transition boundary layer. Previous LES studies relating to the morning transition boundary layer focus on the role of the entraining convective boundary layer (CBL). By using a combination of different domain sizes and grid lengths, the full evolution from the stable boundary layer (SBL) to the CBL is modelled here. In the early stages of the morning transition the boundary layer is shown to be a combination of a shallow mixed layer capped by a significant shear driven stable boundary layer (the so-called mixed CBL–SBL state). The mixed CBL–SBL state is the key to understanding the sensitivity to shear. Turbulent kinetic energy budgets also indicate that it is shear driven. The negative flux from the mixed CBL–SBL state extends much further above the minimum than is typically found for the CBL later in the day, and the depth of penetration scales as w _m /N _i , where w _m is the combined friction and convective velocity scale and N _i the static stability at the inversion top.     

Microstructure of Turbulence in the Stably Stratified Boundary Layer

The microstructure of a stably stratified boundary layer, with a significant low-level nocturnal jet, is investigated based on observations from the CASES-99 campaign in Kansas, U.S.A. The reported, high-resolution vertical profiles of the temperature, wind speed, wind direction, pressure, and the turbulent dissipation rate, were collected under nocturnal conditions on October 14, 1999, using the CIRES Tethered Lifting System. Two methods for evaluating instantaneous (1-sec) background profiles are applied to the raw data. The background potential temperature is calculated using the “bubble sort” algorithm to produce a monotonically increasing potential temperature with increasing height. Other scalar quantities are smoothed using a running vertical average. The behaviour of background flow, buoyant overturns, turbulent fluctuations, and their respective histograms are presented. Ratios of the considered length scales and the Ozmidov scale are nearly constant with height, a fact that can be applied in practice for estimating instantaneous profiles of the dissipation rate.