GPS多基准站动态差分定位精度分析

根据长基线情况下机载GPS动态试验数据在多基准站差分模式下的解算分析,得出利用多基准站差分方法能够有效消减误差提高定位测量精度的结论。同时在本文数据分析的基础上,提出了下一步的研究方向。     

全站仪对GPS基线边长的检验

如今,GPS测绘技术发展日趋成熟,GPS的使用越来越普及。对GPS的测量成果,很多测绘工程人员常常简单地用全站仪比测来检验GPS成果,这种简单的对比方法并不能完全检验出GPS的精度。全站仪所提供的距离通常是平距或斜距,而GPS静态解算或动态测量中提供的坐标通常是经投影变形后的坐标。笔者就全站仪对GPS基线边长检验的理论、方法及所要注意的问题进行探讨。     

一种提高短基线测量精度的方法

提出一种提高短基线相对精度的测定方法。 试验表明，在测角误差影响等同或小于测距误差影响的情况下，该方法能使短基线的相对精度提高4~6倍。     

GPS形变监测网基线处理中系统误差的分析

分析了高精度GPS形变监测网基线处理中系统误差产生的原因，分类及其对基线处理的影响，并在此基础上提出消除和削弱这些系统误差影响的一些原则和算法。     

The problem of defining geochemical baselines. A case study of selected elements and geological materials in Finland

Although the term ‘geochemical baseline’ appears in the international geochemical mapping programmes IGCP 259 and 360, it has never been well defined. Several considerations relevant to such a definition are discussed. A geochemical baseline for an element refers to its natural variations in concentration in the surficial environment. Geochemical baselines were studied in Finland by comparing results from regional geochemical mapping programmes based on samples of till, clay and organic stream sediment. The geochemical background changes regionally with the basic geology and locally with the type and genesis of the overburden. Baseline concentrations depend on sample material collected, grain size and extraction method. In Finland, concentrations of potentially harmful elements tend to be higher in fine-grained marine and lacustrine sediments than in glacial till. Concentrations are also systematically higher in the < 0.06 mm fraction than in the < 2 mm size fraction of till samples. Only small proportions of the total heavy metal concentrations in Finnish marine clays are bioavailable. Geochemical baselines are needed for environmental legislation and political decision-making, especially in the assessment of contaminated soil. In many areas of Finland, natural concentrations of several heavy metals exceed the guide or limit values designated for contaminated soils. Thus baselines must always be verified in any assessment of sites for contamination.     

观测卫星选择对GPS基线解算质量的影响

研究了观测卫星的选择对基线解算质量的影响，介绍了提高基线解算质量的人工选星的基线处理方法，通过人工干预选择卫星，解算结果得到明显改善。     

河口水Cu2+, Zn2+的分析、形式、分布、毒性与生态环境

生物毒性实验Ｃｕ＾２＋，Ｚｎ＾２＋等浓度与生物死亡率相关模式表明，海水中加入的Ｃｕ＾２＋，Ｚｎ＾２＋等浓度逐渐增高，生物死主恨率相应增高，同一浓度下，死亡率随时间（２４，４８，７２，９６ｈ）的增加逐步增高，实验加入Ｃｕ＾２＋仅１μｇ／Ｌ和Ｚｎ＾２＋仅５μｇ／Ｌ本底浓度时，其毒性即已开始遵循相关模式。因此，比天然水含量仅高１，２倍的Ｃｕ＾２＋，Ｚｎ＾２＋离子的污染及毒性，就足以破坏鱼虾在河口的产卵，     

OBSERVATION AND INVESTIGATION OF VARIABILITIES OF BASELINE CO2 CONCENTRATION OVER WALIGUAN MOUNTAIN IN QINGHAI PROVINCE OF CHINA*

In-situ measurement of atmospheric CO₂ was made at the top of the Waliguan Mountain(36°17'N,100°54'E,3816 m asl).where the air is not directly affected by the local anthropogenic and natural sources,by using a nondispersive infrared(NDIR)analyzer and following the procedures proposed by WMO.The CO₂ in the flask samples collected on the mountain was also analyzed in a laboratory.The measurements uncover the daily,monthly and seasonal variabilities and the baseline level of the CO₂ in the air over the "clean" area of Chinese hinterland.Results suggest that the CO₂ concentration over the East Asia continent has evident periodical variation,similar to that of global distribution.In 1992,an annual mean baseline CO₂ concentration of 356.4 ppm over the continent was obtained.The annual mean value was 357.2 ppm for 1993.Some relationships between the CO₂ concentration at Waliguan and the weather conditions,especially,wind speed and direction are found through the observation.     

Baseline atmospheric condensation nuclei at Cape Grim 1977–1987

The meaning of baseline as applied to measurements of CN, at atmospheric monitoring sites such as Cape Grim, is discussed and the idea that a baseline exists only in a statistical sense advocated. Use of the concentration frequency-distribution geometric-mean is proposed as the best measure of CN concentrations. Variations in CN concentrations at Cape Grim for periods greater than 12 months are derived by Kalman filtering the monthly estimates of geometric mean concentration obtained from 1977 to 1987. Significant variations are shown to be present on this timescale with quasi-periodic oscillations in concentration. Some association between major fluctuations and El-Nino Southern Oscillation perturbations in the regional circulation is suggested.     

辩证法原理对研究地下水抽水试验的指导作用

自然辩证法的科学性是指导科学研究和工程实践的重要依据,绝对不能被忽略,否则,就会出现混乱.只有遵守这一准则,才能为科学试验设计出合理的检验方法和检验指标,才能检查出试验过程中所存在的问题,才能推动科学技术沿着正确的轨道顺利地向前发展.地下水运动的抽水试验绝不能例外.根据辩证法原则和工程事例,对地下水的抽水试验进行了研究,不仅找到了抽水试验中存在的问题,而且验证了裘布衣模型的真实存在,得到了基于误差分析的参数K和R的准确计算结果.