Deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (DSGSD) and slow-moving landslides in the southern Tien Shan Mountains: new insights from InSAR,tectonic and geomorphic analysis

We investigated deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (DSGSD) and slow mass movements in the southern Tien Shan Mountains front using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) time-series data obtained by the ALOS/PALSAR satellite. DSGSD evolves with a variety of geomorphological changes (e.g. valley erosion, incision of slope drainage networks) over time that affect earth surfaces and, therefore, often remain unexplored. We analysed 118 interferograms generated from 20 SAR images that covered about 900 km². To understand the spatial pattern of the slope movements and to identify triggering parameters, we correlated surface dynamics with the tectono-geomorphic processes and lithologic conditions of the active front of the Alai Range. We observed spatially continuous, constant hillslope movements with a downslope speed of approximately 71 mm year⁻¹ velocity. Our findings suggest that the lithological and structural framework defined by protracted deformation was the main controlling factor for sustained relief and, consequently, downslope mass movements. The analysed structures revealed integration of a geological/structural setting with the superposition of Cretaceous–Paleogene alternating carbonatic and clastic sedimentary structures as the substratum for younger, less consolidated sediments. This type of structural setting causes the development of large-scale, gravity-driven DSGSD and slow mass movement. Surface deformations with clear scarps and multiple crest lines triggered planes for large-scale deep mass creeps, and these were related directly to active faults and folds in the geologic structures. Our study offers a new combination of InSAR techniques and structural field observations, along with morphometric and seismologic correlations, to identify and quantify slope instability phenomena along a tectonically active mountain front. These results contribute to an improved natural risk assessment in these structures. © 2019 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

GPS基线解算方案的选择

针对基线解算质量的提高,除了在野外观测时必须按要求采取相应措施减少各种不利因素的影响外,还需要在必要时通过一定的手段来改进基线向量成果,提高网平差精度。通过南方测绘GNSS数据处理软件对不同卫星高度截止角、历元间隔、参考卫星的选择进行了研究,重点对比分析了各种基线解算方案对基线解算结果的影响,为使用者进行GPS基线解算提供有益的参考。通过实验数据的对比分析可知:在用软件进行基线解算时,需要综合考虑卫星数目的多少、同步观测时间,以及卫星的追踪总结图等。     

跨断层基线测量系统设计与应用

利用徕卡TS50全站仪为开发平台,采用C/S架构开发了基于Access数据库的跨断层基线测量软件,基于观测流程设计并实现了跨断层基线的自动化测量。在唐山地震台等场地对所开发的软件进行了测试,将结果归一化处理后与传统基线尺测量结果进行对比,两种手段观测结果趋势一致性相近,完全满足断层形变监测的要求。     

航空测量场景下的中长基线动态定位方法

单基站中长基线动态相对定位受到大气残余误差影响,无法快速固定整周模糊度,定位精度和可靠性不如短基线场景。在航空测量场景下,流动站与基准站之间的基线由短到长变化,利用短基线场景下固定的整周模糊度反算得到高精度的电离层延迟量,并对其进行建模预报。随着基线变长,利用预报的电离层延迟约束中长基线定位模型,实现快速模糊度固定。本文分析了动态长基线情形下的电离层延迟的时变特性,采用滑动窗口进行电离层建模预报,讨论了该方法在航空测量实际作业中的实施条件、定位精度及模糊度固定情况。实测机载数据的解算结果表明,使用该方法,当测量载体出发阶段处于短基线场景下,单基站相对定位结果就可以达到接近100%的模糊度固定率,且定位精度保持在厘米级,显著减小了航空测量任务的作业成本。     

Monitoring surface changes in discontinuous permafrost terrain using small baseline SAR interferometry,object-based classification,and geological features: a case study from Mayo,Yukon Territory,Canada

Permafrost-induced deformation of ground features is threating infrastructure in northern communities. An understanding of permafrost distribution is therefore critical for sustainable adaptation planning and infrastructure maintenance. Considering the large area underlain by permafrost in the Yukon Territory, there is a need for baseline information to characterize the permafrost in this region. In this study, the Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) technique was used to identify areas of ground movement likely caused by changes in permafrost. The DInSAR technique was applied to a series of repeat-pass C-band RADARSAT-2 observations collected in 2015 over the Village of Mayo, in central Yukon Territory, Canada. The conventional DInSAR technique demonstrated that ground deformation could be detected in this area, but the resulting deformation maps contained errors due to a loss of coherence from changes in vegetation and atmospheric phase delay. To address these limitations, the Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) InSAR technique was applied to reduce phase error, thus improving the deformation maps. To understand the relationship between the deformation maps and land cover types, an object-based Random Forest classification was developed to classify the study area into different land cover types. Integration of the InSAR results and the classification map revealed that the built-up class (e.g., airport) was affected by subsidence on the order of ?2 to ?4 cm. The spatial extent of the surface displacement map obtained using the SBAS InSAR technique was then correlated with the surficial geology map. This revealed that much of the main infrastructure in the Village of Mayo is underlain by interbedded glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine sediments, the latter of which caused the most damage to human made structures. This study provides a method for permafrost monitoring that builds upon the synergistic use of the SBAS InSAR technique, object-based image analysis, and surficial geology data.     

中长基线周跳实时探测和修复的新方法

提出了一种适合网络RTK基准站间周跳实时探测和修复的新方法。该方法根据基准站坐标已知的特点,反求模糊度的浮点解来探测周跳并确定周跳的范围,最后结合电离层残差组合来修复周跳。该方法可以应用到当基准站没有精确已知的坐标时的静态实时周跳探测和修复中,通过理论分析和实际计算表明,该方法处理周跳的能力较强,具有实时探测和修复中长基线的失锁时间较长的周跳,且计算简单的特点。     

GPS/BDS单历元基线解算中随机模型的确定

相对于以往的经验随机模型和高度角模型,提出采用Helmert验后方差估计来确定GPS/BDS组合系统单历元基线解算过程中来自不同系统、不同类型观测值的权阵。数据处理结果表明,Helmert方差估计模型更合理地确定了组合系统相对定位的随机模型,有效提高了单历元模糊度搜索的成功率及基线解算的精度和可靠性。     

超长隧道横向贯通误差分析——洞内平面控制测量部分

国内超长隧道工程越来越多,而针对20km以上隧道的横向贯通误差限差问题尚缺乏规范与经验,针对此问题,文中利用CODAPS软件包,具体分析直线型和曲线型超长隧道横向贯通误差的影响因素。通过模拟分析,得出导线网边长、测角精度、测边精度对横向贯通误差的影响规律,为理论研究和工程实践提供借鉴和参考。     

海潮模型对连续跟踪参考站数据解算的影响——以福建省为例

针对在近海或海洋区域进行高精度全球定位系统测量中海潮负荷的影响,该文通过GAMIT对福建省的连续跟踪参考站数据进行了解算,并对解算结果进行了进一步的探讨。结果表明,海潮负荷对近海的连续跟踪参考站的影响在U方向上能达到亚毫米级,而且与测站与海的距离、基线的长度,以及基准站的选择都有一定的关系。在解算福建省的连续跟踪参考站数据时,海潮负荷的影响是可以忽略的,均可满足大多数的工程需要。对于如何更好地消除海潮负荷的影响,以满足更高精度的要求,还值得进一步的探讨。     

区域综合节水效果的遥感评价方法 研究与应用

区域节水效果的常规评价方法都是利用单项指标评价单一行业的或者单方面的节水效果,不能反映区域综合节水效果.本文从耗水控制水平和地下水可持续利用的角度出发,提出了以目标蒸散量(ET)和地下水位理论变幅为评价基准,利用遥感技术监测区域实际蒸散量和地下水位实际变幅,采用基准比较法评价区域节水综合效果的方法;并以北京市大兴区为例...