Deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (DSGSD) and slow-moving landslides in the southern Tien Shan Mountains: new insights from InSAR,tectonic and geomorphic analysis

We investigated deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (DSGSD) and slow mass movements in the southern Tien Shan Mountains front using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) time-series data obtained by the ALOS/PALSAR satellite. DSGSD evolves with a variety of geomorphological changes (e.g. valley erosion, incision of slope drainage networks) over time that affect earth surfaces and, therefore, often remain unexplored. We analysed 118 interferograms generated from 20 SAR images that covered about 900 km². To understand the spatial pattern of the slope movements and to identify triggering parameters, we correlated surface dynamics with the tectono-geomorphic processes and lithologic conditions of the active front of the Alai Range. We observed spatially continuous, constant hillslope movements with a downslope speed of approximately 71 mm year⁻¹ velocity. Our findings suggest that the lithological and structural framework defined by protracted deformation was the main controlling factor for sustained relief and, consequently, downslope mass movements. The analysed structures revealed integration of a geological/structural setting with the superposition of Cretaceous–Paleogene alternating carbonatic and clastic sedimentary structures as the substratum for younger, less consolidated sediments. This type of structural setting causes the development of large-scale, gravity-driven DSGSD and slow mass movement. Surface deformations with clear scarps and multiple crest lines triggered planes for large-scale deep mass creeps, and these were related directly to active faults and folds in the geologic structures. Our study offers a new combination of InSAR techniques and structural field observations, along with morphometric and seismologic correlations, to identify and quantify slope instability phenomena along a tectonically active mountain front. These results contribute to an improved natural risk assessment in these structures. © 2019 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

基线边长法的高精度三维标定场建立

针对大范围的摄影测量,传统量测相机标定精度有限,本文提出一种高精度、大尺度的三维标定场建立方法。该方法采用稳定性良好的天然大理石作为基础结构,并设计通视良好的角形基准座,采用微米级多路激光测距手段获取点位距离,进而基于测边网平差模型直接建立高精度三维标定场。通过模拟多组近似坐标和距离观测值对该算法进行验证。结果表明,该标定场近似坐标的模拟误差不能超过3 mm,单位权中误差与距离观测值模拟误差相当,距离反算值与理论值偏差的标准差是距离观测值模拟误差的一半,验证了测边网计算模型及程序的正确性。该标定场既可为量测相机提供大尺度标定,也可对激光跟踪仪的测量性能进行不定期检核。     

GPS基线解算方案的选择

针对基线解算质量的提高,除了在野外观测时必须按要求采取相应措施减少各种不利因素的影响外,还需要在必要时通过一定的手段来改进基线向量成果,提高网平差精度。通过南方测绘GNSS数据处理软件对不同卫星高度截止角、历元间隔、参考卫星的选择进行了研究,重点对比分析了各种基线解算方案对基线解算结果的影响,为使用者进行GPS基线解算提供有益的参考。通过实验数据的对比分析可知:在用软件进行基线解算时,需要综合考虑卫星数目的多少、同步观测时间,以及卫星的追踪总结图等。     

改进CIR算法在BDS长基线模糊度解算中的应用

长基线条件下,测站间空间相关性弱,电离层、对流层延迟经过双差并不能很好地消除,致使CIR方法在长基线条件下解算模糊度成功率较低。本文通过BDS三频组合选择长波长、弱电离层组合改进宽巷组合系数,选取（-1,-5,6）代替传统的宽巷组合（0,-1,1）,选择弱电离层几何相位组合（4,-5,2）代替传统的窄巷组合（0,0,1）,并通过将多频点的伪距观测值和确定了模糊度的宽巷相位观测值线性组合消除电离层延迟一阶项。通过实测数据分析,本文提出的算法能够有效解算超宽巷、宽巷模糊度,提高模糊度解算成功率。     

跨断层基线测量系统设计与应用

利用徕卡TS50全站仪为开发平台,采用C/S架构开发了基于Access数据库的跨断层基线测量软件,基于观测流程设计并实现了跨断层基线的自动化测量。在唐山地震台等场地对所开发的软件进行了测试,将结果归一化处理后与传统基线尺测量结果进行对比,两种手段观测结果趋势一致性相近,完全满足断层形变监测的要求。     

航空测量场景下的中长基线动态定位方法

单基站中长基线动态相对定位受到大气残余误差影响,无法快速固定整周模糊度,定位精度和可靠性不如短基线场景。在航空测量场景下,流动站与基准站之间的基线由短到长变化,利用短基线场景下固定的整周模糊度反算得到高精度的电离层延迟量,并对其进行建模预报。随着基线变长,利用预报的电离层延迟约束中长基线定位模型,实现快速模糊度固定。本文分析了动态长基线情形下的电离层延迟的时变特性,采用滑动窗口进行电离层建模预报,讨论了该方法在航空测量实际作业中的实施条件、定位精度及模糊度固定情况。实测机载数据的解算结果表明,使用该方法,当测量载体出发阶段处于短基线场景下,单基站相对定位结果就可以达到接近100%的模糊度固定率,且定位精度保持在厘米级,显著减小了航空测量任务的作业成本。     

Monitoring surface changes in discontinuous permafrost terrain using small baseline SAR interferometry,object-based classification,and geological features: a case study from Mayo,Yukon Territory,Canada

Permafrost-induced deformation of ground features is threating infrastructure in northern communities. An understanding of permafrost distribution is therefore critical for sustainable adaptation planning and infrastructure maintenance. Considering the large area underlain by permafrost in the Yukon Territory, there is a need for baseline information to characterize the permafrost in this region. In this study, the Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) technique was used to identify areas of ground movement likely caused by changes in permafrost. The DInSAR technique was applied to a series of repeat-pass C-band RADARSAT-2 observations collected in 2015 over the Village of Mayo, in central Yukon Territory, Canada. The conventional DInSAR technique demonstrated that ground deformation could be detected in this area, but the resulting deformation maps contained errors due to a loss of coherence from changes in vegetation and atmospheric phase delay. To address these limitations, the Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) InSAR technique was applied to reduce phase error, thus improving the deformation maps. To understand the relationship between the deformation maps and land cover types, an object-based Random Forest classification was developed to classify the study area into different land cover types. Integration of the InSAR results and the classification map revealed that the built-up class (e.g., airport) was affected by subsidence on the order of ?2 to ?4 cm. The spatial extent of the surface displacement map obtained using the SBAS InSAR technique was then correlated with the surficial geology map. This revealed that much of the main infrastructure in the Village of Mayo is underlain by interbedded glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine sediments, the latter of which caused the most damage to human made structures. This study provides a method for permafrost monitoring that builds upon the synergistic use of the SBAS InSAR technique, object-based image analysis, and surficial geology data.     

短基线GPS定向系统及搜索模糊度优化算法的研究

GPS载波相位测量相对定位可以达到毫米级精度,利用GPS载波相位测量方向可以达到2密位的精度。研究了载波相位双差测量方向的原理和应用最小二乘法解算基线矢量的算法,详细讨论快速解算整周模糊度的优化算法。实验结果表明,应用双GPS测量方向的原理和搜索模糊度优化算法正确,其定向精度达2密位,解算时间小于0.3秒,并运用于产品中。     

中长基线周跳实时探测和修复的新方法

提出了一种适合网络RTK基准站间周跳实时探测和修复的新方法。该方法根据基准站坐标已知的特点,反求模糊度的浮点解来探测周跳并确定周跳的范围,最后结合电离层残差组合来修复周跳。该方法可以应用到当基准站没有精确已知的坐标时的静态实时周跳探测和修复中,通过理论分析和实际计算表明,该方法处理周跳的能力较强,具有实时探测和修复中长基线的失锁时间较长的周跳,且计算简单的特点。     

GPS/BDS单历元基线解算中随机模型的确定

相对于以往的经验随机模型和高度角模型,提出采用Helmert验后方差估计来确定GPS/BDS组合系统单历元基线解算过程中来自不同系统、不同类型观测值的权阵。数据处理结果表明,Helmert方差估计模型更合理地确定了组合系统相对定位的随机模型,有效提高了单历元模糊度搜索的成功率及基线解算的精度和可靠性。