The spatial and temporal patterns of aggradation in a temperate,upland, gravel‐bed river

Intensive field monitoring of a reach of upland gravel‐bed river illustrates the temporal and spatial variability of in‐channel sedimentation. Over the six‐year monitoring period, the mean bed level in the channel has risen by 0·17 m with a maximum bed level rise of 0·5 m noted at one location over a five month winter period. These rapid levels of aggradation have a profound impact on the number and duration of overbank flows with flood frequency increasing on average 2·6 times and overbank flow time increasing by 12·8 hours. This work raises the profile of coarse sediment transfer in the design and operation of river management, specifically engineering schemes. It emphasizes the need for the implementation of strategic monitoring programmes before engineering work occurs to identify zones where aggradation is likely to be problematic. Exploration of the sediment supply and transfer system can explain patterns of channel sedimentation. The complex spatial, seasonal and annual variability in sediment supply and transfer raise uncertainties into the system's response to potential changes in climate and land‐use. Thus, there is a demand for schemes that monitor coarse sediment transfer and channel response. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

论本溪群

本溪群的原始定义属岩石地层单位,70年来的研究表明;其界线层型及岩百地层单位性质没有改变过;本溪群可以延展到东北南部及华北,并具有二分、三分的概分性。华北本溪群曾被划分为湖田组(铁铝岩组)和畔沟组,业已证实二分的可行性;张守信(1988,1992)欲以太原组(新涵义)替代本溪群(剔除下部铁铝岩组合)是不可行的。     

Data collection methodology for dynamic temperature model testing and corroboration

This article describes a data collection approach for determining the significance of individual heat fluxes within streams with an emphasis on testing (i.e. identification of possible missing heat fluxes), development, calibration and corroboration of a dynamic temperature model. The basis for developing this approach was a preliminary temperature modelling effort on the Virgin River in southwestern Utah during a low‐flow period that suggested important components of the energy balance might be missing in the original standard surface‐flux temperature model. Possible missing heat fluxes were identified as bed conduction, hyporheic exchange, dead zone warming and exchange and poor representation of the amount of solar radiation entering the water column. To identify and estimate the relative importance of the missing components, a comprehensive data collection effort was developed and implemented. In particular, a method for measuring shortwave radiation behaviour in the water column and an in situ method for separating out bed conduction and hyporheic influences were established. The resulting data and subsequent modelling effort indicate that hyporheic and dead zone heat fluxes are important, whereas solar radiation reflection at the water surface was found to be insignificant. Although bed conduction can be significant in certain rivers, it was found to have little effect on the overall heat budget for this section of the Virgin River. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

红层泥岩半刚性基床结构动态变形试验研究

高速铁路要为列车的高速行驶提供一个高平顺性和稳定性的轨下基础,而路基作为轨道结构的基础,必须具有强度高、刚度大、稳定性和耐久性好的特性。由于红层泥岩属于软岩,工程稳定性差,以红层泥岩作为基床的填料,其刚度明显不足,所以为了弥补基床表层的不足,在其顶部添加一层水泥稳定级配碎石。为了验证这些措施的效果,以便指导工程设计和施工,通过足尺动态模型试验,模拟在实际荷载条件下基床的动态变形特性,结果表明,采用水泥稳定级配碎石作为基床表层填料,静态变形明显降低,能够大幅降低动荷载作用时的动变形,减少了基床结构的永久变形,增强了轨道结构的稳定性。     

伊宁盆地尼勒克剖面侏罗系烃源岩有机地球化学特征

本对伊宁盆地北侧尼勒克剖面侏罗系烃源岩有机地球化学特征进行研究,结合盆地的沉积相及构造演化,探讨其生烃潜力及油气远景。该套烃源岩有机质丰度达到“中一好”的级别,有机质类型泥岩以Ⅲ1为主,煤为Ⅲ1、Ⅲ2型,处于低成熟演化阶段,具有一定的生烃潜力。推测在盆地内部更有利于烃源岩的成熟和保存。     

广西桂中1井井下油气地球化学特征及其指示意义

长期以来,桂中坳陷以其良好的地质条件为中外地质学家所瞩目,通过对桂中1井纵向上不同层段岩屑样品的油气地球化学特征研究,以典型油气层、生油层、储油层以及盖层化探异常组合、异常形态及其特征为依据,并用烃类比值、甲烷碳同位素、三维荧光等方法进行属性判断,针对桂中1井不同异常区段（不同地层）从化探角度进行评价。并且对桂中凹陷勘探潜力的判断提供地球化学依据。     

Kinetic Modelling of the Removal of Seven Common Pollutants in Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands

The main removal mechanisms for the degradations of seven pollutants in wastewater treatment wetlands were analysed, and a mathematical model was established to quantify the removal of each pollutant, based on its main removal mechanisms. Subsurface horizontal flow wetlands were treated as a series of continuous stirred - tank reactors (CSTRs). Kinetic models for the removal of biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, ammonia, total nitrogen and faecal coliforms were established by combining Monod or first - order kinetics with CSTR assumptions. These tentative models account for a wide range of factors that affect wetland performance, but the models have not been proven by ex periment data. Depending on the derivation of various coefficients in the models and verification by actual performance data, this study may provide a starting point for an integrated pollutant removal model to be developed, and experimen tally verified, thereby making a step forward from the current greenbox' approach of wetland design.     

Propagation of water waves over permeable rippled beds

Unsteady two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations and Navier-Stokes type model equations for porous flow were solved numerically to simulate the propagation of water waves over a permeable rippled bed. A boundary-fitted coordinate system was adopted to make the computational meshes consistent with the rippled bed. The accuracy of the numerical scheme was confirmed by comparing the numerical results concerning the spatial distribution of wave amplitudes over impermeable and permeable rippled beds with the analytical solutions. For periodic incident waves, the flow field over the wavy wall is discussed in terms of the steady Eulerian streaming velocity. The trajectories of the fluid particles that are initially located close to the ripples were also determined. One of the main results herein is that under the action of periodic water waves, fluid particles on an impermeable rippled bed initially moved back and forth around the ripple crest, with increasing vertical distance from the rippled wall. After one or two wave periods, they are then lifted towards the next ripple crest. All of the marked particles on a permeable rippled bed were shifted onshore with a much larger displacement than those on an impermeable bed. Finally, the flow fields and the particle motions close to impermeable and permeable beds induced by a solitary wave are elucidated.     

储层流动单元研究在油田老区挖潜中的应用——以吉林油田乾146区块开发为例

吉林油田乾146区块经多年开采,已经进入高含水、高采出阶段。通过储层流动单元研究,运用多参数模糊聚类方法将该区高台子油层由好至差划分为A、B、C、D、E 5类储层流动单元。查明了区内主要目的层系各含油小层的储层流动单元发育特征:40、39小层主要发育A、B类优质储层流动单元,42、41、38小层则以C、D、E类储层流动单元为主,各小层储层流动单元类型及展布与初始产能吻合度较高,表明储层流动单元类型的差异是控制本区油气分布的重要因素之一。综合油藏地质特征及油田开发动态数据,对各储层流动单元的注采渗流体系进行了深入剖析,归纳总结出乾146区块高台子油层XII砂组中剩余油分布的5条规律,据此在剩余油分布预测区部署了1口扩边井和2口老区加密井,投产后分别获得了11.2t/d、5.5t/d和8.6t/d的初始产能。