现代测绘技术在公租房建设中的应用与实践

公租房是解决新就业职工、城市困难家庭等住房困难的一种产品。在公租房项目的建设过程中,需要经过立项、选址、报建、建设、竣工验收等多个环节。本文以全国首批开工建设、首批交付使用的的公租房项目———重庆市公租房民心佳园一期为工程实例,介绍了现代测绘技术在公租房建设各个环节中的应用。     

引发广西两次严重山洪地质灾害的暴雨过程分析

利用常规观测、卫星云图、雷达探测以及自动站雨量等资料,对2010年6月27—28日和2012年5月20—22日桂西北两次严重山洪地质灾害的气象条件进行了对比分析,结果表明：(1) 强降雨发生在桂西北暴雨区,最大过程雨量＞350 mm,过程最大中尺度雨团和致灾区最大中尺度雨团值分别＞100 mm·h-1和＞70 mm·h-1,集中降雨时段为02—06时。灾害开始于后半夜,发生在最大过程雨量和地质条件脆弱区,不同的地质状况对应不同的灾害;灾害性天气具有区域小、降雨时段集中、过程雨量大、强度强及引发灾害重等特征。(2) 暴雨发生在欧亚地区500 hPa呈两脊一槽型、200 hPa南亚高压脊线贯穿广西上空及季风云系活跃的背景下。高空为槽或低涡、地面为干线或锋面,属低涡暴雨型。(3) 高空要素变化为雨前降压升温、后降温。不稳定能量及层结、低层辐合、中低层涡旋、整层大气的上升运动、高温高湿及水汽强烈辐合是物理量特征。(4) 云图上对流云团生成、合并对强降雨有指示意义,暴雨发生在云团合并发展阶段;TBB值＜200 K可以作为强降雨的指标。低质心强雷达回波产生的列车效应或回波停滞和地形作用是造成强降雨的重要因素,低层辐合、高层辐散导致了强烈的上升运动,有利于强对流的发展与维持。     

Assessing the distribution and impacts of Prosopis juliflora through participatory approaches

Invasive species pose global biological and economic challenges. Over the past four decades, Prosopis taxa have emerged as a major invader of the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Prosopis juliflora, one of the highly invasive Prosopis species, is dominantly present in the Afar region of Ethiopia and continues to spread into the surrounding areas. The objective of this study was to aid the mapping, utilization, and management of the invasive P. juliflora in Afar, by employing participatory research techniques. We assessed the introduction history, impacts, uses, and control strategies of invasive P. juliflora by interviewing 108 pastoralists and agro-pastoralists. In addition, we used Participatory Mapping (PM), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Global Positioning System (GPS), and remote sensing technologies and approaches to map sites invaded by P. juliflora. Sketch maps were produced by men, women, pastoralist and agro-pastoralist groups. Experts aggregated, scaled and reproduced the sketch maps with support from the Afar communities. We provided GPS and GIS trainings to selected community members who assisted us in collecting the GPS locations of more than 70 key features and landmarks. The sketch maps were digitized and geo-referenced by experts using the 70 GPS records as control points. Geo-referenced community maps were superimposed on pan-sharpened Landsat 8 satellite images and presented to the communities for verification. We overlaid the verified community maps on ancillary land-cover layers, and detected the land-cover classes that were most affected by P. juliflora invasion. Despite its uses as source of fire wood, charcoal, and animal fodder, the species has adverse impacts on native species and livestock resources. Afar communities mapped P. juliflora infestations, particularly those that occurred near their villages, using high and moderate density classes. The two highly invaded land-cover categories were dense grassland, and exposed sand & soils. Participants collaborated in creating the produced maps, suggesting that participatory research approaches are another tool for early detection of invasive species and guiding fine-scale management strategies.     

A Method for Automatically Selecting Aids to Navigation Based on their Spatial Influence Domains

To address the limitations of manually selecting aids to navigation (AtNs) on charts, a method for automatically selecting AtNs based on their spatial influence domains (SIDs) is proposed. First, the associations between the spatial attributes of an AtN are analyzed. Second, an SID of the AtN is defined, and a model of the SID is constructed based on the associations between the spatial attributes. Third, the importance of the location of the AtN is weighted based on the SID model. Fourth, an algorithm to automatically select AtNs based on the maximum coverage of the SIDS of preselected AtNs is developed. Finally, several AtNs are selected automatically using the algorithm. The experimental results demonstrate that (1) the proposed method can automatically select AtNs and the results comply with the requirements; (2) the automatic selection can eliminate the human-induced errors or the inconsistent results of manual selections from different operators; and (3) the efficiency of the proposed method is higher than that of current manual methods.     

基于模拟退火算法的自动地图注记配置研究

本文将求解大规模组合优化问题最优解的一种新型算法模拟退火算法应用于地图注记的自动配置。该算法将地图各要素注记的配置作为一个统一的整体来对待,从而避免了一般局部搜索法可能终止于一个局部最优解的缺点,这样可使自动注记配置的结果更趋合理化。用模拟退火算法进行注记自动配置,理论体系完整,机理简单,通用性强,编程容易,而且与一般局部搜索法相比,超常规注记配置出现的数目大大降低,其缺点在于配置速度较慢     

区调提速的紧迫性和可行性

区域地质调查（区调）是国家重要的基础性工作。近年来，随着我国经济、社会的快速发，调整区调工作布局，加快区调工作步伐已迫在眉睫。本从国民经济、社会发展的需求和国家“十五”计划的要求出发，分析了全国区调工作的现状和发展趋势，对依靠科技进步，调整区调部署、加快区调进度的紧迫性、可行性及目标任务进行了论述，指出了尽快将区调工作纳入全面服务社会的轨道、2005年优先安排并完成青藏高原空白区1；25万区调工作、2010年前全面完成全国中比例尺区调任务并出版中国第一套相关基础地质系列图件的基本思路。章特别指出，区调提速一定要确保野外填图的质量，工作部署一定要坚持实事求是的原则。要依靠计算机、遥感等高新技术实现区调提速，要在提速过程中实现区调工作主流程的信息化。     

一次春季罕见的降水天气过程分析

对吉林省2005年春季（4月19--22日）罕见的降水天气过程在大尺度环流形势、物理条件分析的基础上,重点对其逐时自动站风场资料进行分析,结果表明利用逐时自动站风场分析的中尺度切变对强降水落区、降水强度和强降水发生的时间都具有很好的指示意义;中尺度切变的形成也与地形条件有关。     

RURAL ADDRESSING AND COMPUTER MAPPING IN NEW MEXICO

Specifying the location of a rural residence is a common geographic problem. Most addressing systems are designed for urban areas and are not applicable to rural areas. The mile marker addressing system meets all of the requirements for a rural addressing system. With the addition of computer mapping techniques, rural addressing can be done efficiently and can provide the basis for a county's computer mapping system. Projects in New Mexico provide several examples of computerized rural addressing projects.     

室内楼层平面导航路网模型的自动生成

室内路网模型作为室内导航研究的基础,如何自动生成室内路网模型成为近年的研究热点.对于目前自动路网模型研究中出现的复杂环境适应度不够的问题,本文提出了一种室内楼层平面路网模型的自动提取方法.它将室内空间分为公共空间和专属空间两类,从而形成公共空间路径和专属空间路径,并用转换点将两类路径进行衔接;最终利用提取的公共空间路径...     

可见光遥感图像海面目标检测技术综述

利用大规模、高分辨率可见光遥感图像探测舰船目标一直是遥感领域的研究热点,其在军事和民用领域发挥着重要作用。舰船目标背景的复杂多变性,舰船目标的多尺度、多种类、多姿态类内差异性,以及检测模型的局限性等问题,都给大范围的高分辨率可见光遥感图像舰船目标探测带来了极大的挑战。首先对利用遥感技术进行舰船检测的方法体系进行总结归纳,然后在此基础上聚焦当前研究热点,对2010—2020年高分可见光遥感图像舰船目标的检测技术体系与发展历程进行概述,并对主流的检测方法进行详细论述,以期推动高分辨率可见光遥感影像舰船检测更加深入的研究和更加广泛的应用。