基于GIS建立空间图形数据库的方法

数字化空间图形数据库是空间图形及其属性数据库的统，建立数字化空间图形数据库是一个非常繁琐的工程。而先建立空间图形库，然后进行各图元属性ID号排序，再“根据参数赋属性”建立完整的空间图形数据库，会取得事半功倍的效果。     

市政污泥真空预压模型试验研究

《城镇污水处理厂污泥处理处置技术规范》[1]执行前,市政污泥往往直接倾倒于填埋场形成污泥库,导致垃圾设计库容显著降低。为恢复填埋场库容,许多填埋场面临污泥库的原位加固处理。通过2组模型试验,探讨真空预压处理污泥的可行性。试验结果表明,真空预压后污泥含水率显著降低,强度提高至2~4 kPa;污泥排水固结系数随预压过程发展表现出非线性;排水板周围污泥含水率和渗透系数降低明显,阻碍离排水板较远处污泥排水固结,因此减少排水板间距可显著提高污泥处理效果;真空预压过程中污泥中孔压变化规律与常规淤泥质土有明显区别,特别是远离排水板的位置孔压消散幅度小,表明污泥中孔压消散规律不符合传统的太沙基固结理论;污泥真空预压过程中,间歇式通正气压会在处理初期阶段加快排水速率,但整体改善作用不明显;真空预压可作为污泥减量化的一种途径,如要满足后续堆载垃圾的要求,还需配合其他原位处理方法进一步提高强度。     

地质模型约束下的地震储层预测技术及其在梨树断陷中的应用

在钻测井约束下,结合梨树断陷有关探井资料和区域性沉积相研究,综合运用调谐频率加强法高分辨率处理技术和基于地震资料的时频分析技术、地震相技术、多属性分析技术及基于层序框架下的地震资料解释技术等,采取拟声波曲线重构地震反演技术和基于调谐频率加强法的高分辨率反演方法等,研究目的层岩性、物性和含油气性。同时,结合基于地震属性分析的人工智能技术的储层物性预测方法,预测砂体的空间分布和几何形态,落实隐蔽圈闭,完成了滚动勘探和开发2个阶段不同井区有利砂体分布规律评价及预测工作。     

应用地震波形分类技术识别岩相的适用性和局限性

地震波形分类技术在识别和划分岩相的应用中有其独特的优点,但也存在一定的局限性。通过针对不同岩相的大量实践,深入探讨了影响该技术的应用条件,系统总结了该技术识别岩相的适用性和局限性。研究表明:时窗类型及大小、地震属性体的选择是影响波形分类结果最重要的因素;不同的岩相在地震振幅、频率、相位、时间厚度上存在差异性是正确应用波形分类方法的前提;当岩相间的地震响应差别不明显,或同一岩相横向波形变化较快,无法建立统一的岩相地震波形特征时,波形分类方法的结果不能准确地划分岩相,也没有明确的地质意义。回归到岩相地震响应特点的分析,建立地震响应与岩相的对应关系,开展波形分类技术应用的先验性研究,是成功应用该技术的基础和关键。     

光性矿物检索鉴定程序设计原理与应用

计算机技术常应用到镜下鉴定光性矿物工作中,本文以Visual Basic为工具开发出用于镜下鉴定矿物的辅助分析程序,介绍了光性矿物鉴定程序的设计原理和使用方法,包括矿物属性分析及赋值、鉴定误差减小方法及其应用。在光性矿物镜下鉴定时输入所观察矿物全部或部分光学性质,通过程序计算与比较,显示出最可能的查询矿物。矿物检索以贵橄榄石为例,在输入正确光性矿物属性的前提下,可准确地得出鉴定结果,有效地提高了镜下矿物鉴定的效率和准确度;查询结果中配有详细图片和属性描述,可以进一步查询矿物的详细光学性质、成因产状及其他鉴定特征;此外鉴定分析程序也可以用于建立矿物信息数据库。     

新疆牙哈地区新近系沉积相及油气勘探意义

利用地震资料具有横向分辨率高的优点,将地震资料与录井资料和测井资料相结合,用地震相分析、地震振幅属性分析、相干分析和可视化等手段对牙哈地区新近系的河道展布进行了刻画,确定了河道、河漫滩、决口扇和曲流砂坝等沉积相类型的平面展布.在新近系共识别出7期大型河道,总面积为619 km2,可形成有利勘探面积75 km2,为牙哈地区新近系下一步勘探提供了依据.     

Effect of connecting rain barrels on the storage size reduction

In this article, the possibility of sharing rain barrels and the potential benefit of reducing storage size through physical and non‐physical connections of rain barrels in a community are investigated. Using the concepts of homogeneous/heterogeneous users in rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS), two simple cases of a community composed of four prospective users are examined. The first is performed with the users who have the same mean and variance in water demands (homogeneous users), and the second is with the users with different means and variances (heterogeneous users). To take account for the rainfall characteristics in different places, historical records from six cities in the USA are used for storage–reliability–yield analysis. The result indicates that required total storage can be reduced by connecting multiple rain barrels. In addition, a significant difference is found between homogeneous and heterogeneous user groups. Homogeneous users do not achieve a substantial benefit from connecting their rain barrels; these users may even be disadvantaged by sharing. In contrast, heterogeneous users receive benefit by reducing the total required storage. Most benefit is expected between users with maximum difference in mean water demands. The reduction in storage size was as considerable as 37% in this study. The quantity of storage reduction depends on locations and target reliabilities. Knowledge of the benefits and limitations of rain barrel connections can improve RWHS performance through ability to customize a network plan for individual users. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of a cascading filter implemented using morphological filtering and time–frequency peak filtering for seismic signal enhancement

Inspired by the idea of the iterative time–frequency peak filtering, which applies time–frequency peak filtering several times to improve the ability of random noise reduction, this article proposes a new cascading filter implemented using mathematic morphological filtering and the time–frequency peak filtering, which we call here morphological time–frequency peak filtering for convenience. This new method will be used mainly for seismic signal enhancement and random noise reduction in which the advantages of the morphological algorithm in processing nonlinear signals and the time–frequency peak filtering in processing nonstationary signals are utilized. Structurally, the scheme of the proposed method adopts mathematic morphological operation to first preprocess the signal and then applies the time–frequency peak filtering method to ultimately extract the valid signal. Through experiments on synthetic seismic signals and field seismic data, this paper demonstrates that the morphological time–frequency peak filtering method is superior to the time–frequency peak filtering method and its iterative form in terms of valid signal enhancement and random noise reduction.     

淮河流域洪涝灾害时间对称性研究

准确判断重大自然灾害发生趋势对于防灾减灾意义重大.基于时间对称性理论,本文构建"可公度降噪—对称性趋势判断—信息结构系稳定性检验"研究模式,判断了淮河流域(HRB)洪涝灾害发生趋势.结果表明:(1)通过可公度降噪处理去除了噪声元素,提高了预测的精确性;(2)运用三元可公度、蝴蝶结构图、信息结构系等方法判断,2019年HRB发生洪涝灾害的信号较强,该年发生洪涝灾害的随机性概率为66.7%,不漏报置信水平为57.1%;(3)通过洪涝灾害与太阳黑子活动的相关性分析可知,HRB在太阳黑子活动谷年附近易发生洪涝灾害,进一步提高了预测结果的可信度."可公度降噪—对称性趋势判断—信息结构系稳定性检验"研究模式是对现有时间对称性方法的补充和完善,以期为中国灾害预测起到一定的推动作用.     

Application of remote sensing for investigating mining geological hazards

Abstract

To investigate geological mining hazards using digital techniques such as high-resolution remote sensing, a semi-automatically geological mining hazards extraction method is proposed based on the case of the Shijiaying coal mine, located in Fangshan District, Beijing, China. In the method, the vegetation is first removed using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) on the GeoEye-1 data. Then, geological mining hazards interpretation features are determined after color enhancement using principal component analysis (PCA) transformation. Bitmaps mainly covered by geological mining hazards are isolated by masking operation in the environment for visualizing images software. Next, each bitmap is classified into a two-valued imagery using support vector machine algorithm. In the two-valued imagery, 1 denotes the geological mining hazards, while 0 denotes none. Afterwards, the two-valued imagery is converted into a vector graph by corresponding functions in the ArcGIS software and no geological mining hazards regions in the vector graph are deleted manually. Finally, the correlation between factors (such as mining activity, lithology, geological structure, and slope) and geological mining hazards is analyzed using a logistic regression and a hazardous-area forecasting model is built. The results of field verification show that the accuracy of the geological mining hazards extraction method is 98.1% and the results of the hazardous-area forecasting indicate that the logistic regression is an effective model in assessing geological hazard risks and that mining activity is the main contributing factor to the hazards, while geological structure, slope, lithology, roughness of the surface, and aspect are the secondary.