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991.
The spring of 1997 has represented a stable period of operation for the joint University of Tromsø/University of Saskatchewan MF radar, being between refurbishment and upgrades. We examine the horizontal winds from the February to June inclusive and also include estimates of energy dissipation rates derived from signal fading times and presented as upper limits on the turbulent energy dissipation rate, . Here we address the periodicity in the dynamics of the upper mesosphere for time scales from hours to one month. Thus, we are able to examine the changes in the spectral signature of the mesospheric dynamics during the transition from winter to summer states. 相似文献
992.
The results of three series of rocket measurements of mesospheric electric fields carried out under different geomagnetic conditions at polar and high middle latitudes are analysed. The measurements show a clear dependence of the vertical electric fields on geomagnetic activity at polar and high middle latitudes. The vertical electric fields in the lower mesosphere increase with the increase of geomagnetic indexes Kp and Kp. The simultaneous increase of the vertical electric field strength and ion conductivity was observed in the mesosphere during geomagnetic disturbances. This striking phenomenon was displayed most clearly during the solar proton events of October, 1989 accompanied by very strong geomagnetic storm (Kp = 8+). A possible mechanism of generation of the vertical electric fields in the mesosphere caused by gravitational sedimentation of charged aerosol particles is discussed. Simultaneous existence in the mesosphere of both the negative and positive multiply charged aerosol particles of different sizes is assumed for explanation of the observed V/m vertical electric fields and their behaviour under geomagnetically disturbed conditions.Paper Presented at the Second IAGA/ICMA (IAMAS) Workshop on Solar Activity Forcing of the Middle Atmosphere, Prague, August 1997 相似文献
993.
Acoustic tomography is presented as a technique for remote monitoring of meteorological quantities. This method and a special algorithm of analysis can directly produce area-averaged values of meteorological parameters. As a result consistent data will be obtained for validation of numerical atmospheric micro-scale models. Such a measuring system can complement conventional point measurements over different surfaces. The procedure of acoustic tomography uses the horizontal propagation of sound waves in the atmospheric surface layer. Therefore, to provide a general overview of sound propagation under various atmospheric conditions a two-dimensional ray-tracing model according to a modified version of Snell’s law is used. The state of the crossed atmosphere can be estimated from measurements of acoustic travel time between sources and receivers at different points. Derivation of area-averaged values of the sound speed and furthermore of air temperature results from the inversion of travel time values for all acoustic paths. Thereby, the applied straight ray two-dimensional tomographic model using SIRT (simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique) is characterised as a method with small computational requirements, satisfactory convergence and stability properties as well as simple handling, especially, during online evaluation. 相似文献
994.
The GISP2, central Greealand, glaciochemical series (sodium, potassium, ammonium,calcium, magnesium, sulfate, nitrate and chloride) provides a unique view of the chemistry of the atmosphere and the history of atmospheric circulation over much of the Northern Hemisphere. Interpretation of this record reveals the controls on both high and low frequency climate events of the last 110 000 years.Changes in insolation on the order of the major orbital cycles control the long-term behavior of atmospheric circulation patterns through changes in ice volume (sea level) and related positive feedbacks.Events such as the Heinrich events (massive discharges of icebergs first identified in the marine record)are found to operate on a 6 100 year cycle due largely to the lagged response of ice sheets to changes in insolation and consequent glacier dynamics Rapid climate change events (massive reorganizations of atmospheric circulation) are demonstrated to operate on 1 450 year cycle possibly in response to internal oscillations in the ocean-atmosphere system or due to changes in solar output. Changes in insolation and associated positive feedbacks related to ice sheets assist in explaining favorable time periods and controls on the amplitude of these massive rapid climate change events.Comparison of the GISP2 glaciochemical series with an ice record from Taylor Dome in Antarctica indicates considerable similarity suggesting that both polar regions experience marked changes in climate. While preliminary evidence points to similar phasing of several major climate events in the two polar regions exact phasing cannot as yet be determined, because dating of Antarctic ice core records is not as well-established as the dating for Greenland ice cores. 相似文献
995.
ImooUcrIONAtfrequendesseveraltirathatofthespeCtralpcak,thewaveelevationhigherordercomPonentS'contributionstothewavespatrumaremoresignificantthanthosefromthelinearcomPonentS.Tick(l959)firstproposedandevaluatedtheserendxidespodrumofunidindionalrandomwaves.TheexpnaionderivedbyDingPingxingetal.(l994)forthesecondxirderspeCtmmisanimProvernentofTick's.TickandDingPingxingetal.didnotaanuntforthirdxirderperturbations,althoughthethirdxirdersolutionefhaonthequadraticspeCtrumisofthesameorderofmagnit… 相似文献
996.
997.
大气有机污染分析和评价:Ⅲ.美国迈阿密市大气有机污染监测与分析 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
自1994年6月至1995年3月对(美)迈阿密市大气颗粒物及干、湿沉降物中的多种有机化合物进行了定量分析与监测,并依据分析结果结合分子参数对有机污染水平的季节性变化、气候条件影响和清除机理等进行了探讨。 相似文献
998.
厄尔尼诺现象对北半球大气环流和中国降水的影响 总被引:48,自引:7,他引:48
本文主要讨论了厄尔尼诺现象对北半球大气环流和中国季风降水的影响。研究表明,在厄尔尼诺开始年的春夏季,对流层上部位势高度和副热带高压都处在由弱到强的转变状态,我国东部地区大范围少雨;秋季发生明显的趋势转折,秋季到次年夏季,对流层上部位势高度升高,副高增强西伸,除次年2、3月份全国大范围少雨外,其余月份大都为南多北少的分布型,这种分布形态在开始年秋季最典型。厄尔尼诺开始年、次年,长江中下游入梅期偏晚。 相似文献
999.
Kusuma G. Rao 《Journal of Earth System Science》1996,105(3):273-287
Using MONTBLEX-90 mean velocity data, roughness lengths and drag coefficients are estimated at Jodhpur and Kharagpur. At Jodhpur,
since the surface is not uniform the roughness length is estimated separately in three different subsectors within the range
of prevailing wind directions and averages to 1.23 cm in the sector between 200° and 230° which is relatively flat with no
obstacles on the ground. At Kharagpur, where the terrain is more nearly homogeneous, the average value (for all prevailing
wind directions) is 1.94 cm.
The drag coefficient CD at Jodhpur shows variation both with the roughness subsector and with wind speed, the average over all directions increasing
rapidly as themean wind speed Ū10 at 10m height drops according to the power lawC
D
= 0.05 Ū
10
t-1.09
in trie range 0.5 < Ū10 < 7 m s−1. At Kharagpur, the drag coefficient is smaller than at Jodhpur by nearly 50% for the same range of wind speeds (> 3 ms−1). 相似文献
1000.
Parameterization of sensible heat and momentum fluxes as inferred from an analysis of tower observations archived during MONTBLEX-90
at Jodhpur is proposed, both in terms of standard exchange coefficientsC
H
andC
D
respectively and also according to free convection scaling. Both coefficients increase rapidly at low winds (the latter more
strongly) and with increasing instability. All the sensible heat flux data at Jodhpur (wind speed at 10 m Ū10 < 8 ms−1) also obey free convection scaling, with the flux proportional to the ‘4/3’ power of an appropriate temperature difference
such as that between 1 and 30 m. Furthermore, for Ū10 < 4 ms−1 the momentum flux displays a linear dependence on wind speed. 相似文献