2016年11月大气环流和天气分析

2016年11月大气环流特征如下,北半球极涡呈双极型分布;欧亚中高纬乌拉尔山地区为一高压脊控制,西西伯利亚地区为一较强横槽,我国中高纬纬向环流较平直,处于宽广的位势高度负距平区,西太平洋副热带高压位置偏西偏强,南支槽平均位置位于90°E 附近。11月全国平均降水量30.6 mm,较常年同期（19 mm）偏多61%,共出现4次较强降水过程;江南及华南地区雨日多雨量大。全国有14站发生了极端连续降水日数事件,71站日降水量超过当地11月历史同期极大值。11月全国平均气温为2.9℃,与常年同期持平。共有4次较强冷空气过程,造成我国180站发生了极端日降温事件,其中30站日降温突破历史极值。11月出现4次大范围严重雾 霾天气过程。此外,西北太平洋和菲律宾南海有三个台风生成,对我国影响较小。     

夏季区域极涡异常对塔里木河流域降水的影响

采用1961-2015年夏季大西洋-欧洲极涡面积指数和塔里木河流域43个站降水资料,研究该区域极涡面积异常对该流域降水的影响。结果表明:两者年际变化呈显著的反位相关系;在极涡面积异常偏小（大）年,西风急流在西亚和中亚减弱（增强）,在东亚则相反;500 hPa欧洲中部和贝加尔湖地区的高压脊偏强（偏弱）,东亚低压槽偏弱（偏强）,中亚经向环流增强（减弱）;700 hPa塔里木河流域天气扰动活跃（不活跃）,东风和西南风（西北风）的水汽输送增强,西部和北部等主要降水区水汽辐合（辐散）,该流域降水偏多（偏少）。在极涡面积异常偏小年的夏季,塔里木河流域水平风场和垂直运动从高纬度到低纬度的经向变化分布与大西洋-欧洲区相似,大西洋-欧洲极涡区与塔里木河流域之间存在西北-东南的环流异常分布,大西洋-欧洲极涡面积异常可能通过该环流异常分布影响塔里木河流域及周边风场、水汽输送和垂直运动,进而影响到该流域降水。     

GNSS卫星地影的一体化建模方法和星蚀参数计算

基于日地关系建立地影模型,利用数值法可以高精度计算单个卫星的地影参数,但是难以快速而全面地分析某一类卫星的地影参数变化和分布规律。本文从日、地和卫星三者的几何关系出发,提出了一种基于空间视场的卫星地影直接建模方法。首先,分别利用轨道半长轴和太阳的周年视运动确定卫星地影的大小和位置变化;其次,基于球面几何分析法推导了卫星地影参数的计算公式以及扁率摄动等对长期预报的影响改正公式。对北斗混合星座中3类卫星的地影参数分析试验表明,卫星地影模型和地影参数解析法能够快速获得中高轨近圆轨道类型的星蚀规律信息。     

中国大气环境光学探测研究

激光/波谱技术促进了大气立体监测技术的发展,以光学探测和光谱数据解析为核心、以紫外、可见到红外全光谱为探测波段的各种高分辨率光学监技术,在中国逐渐实现了从近地面到100 km大气气象要素和大气痕量成分实时探测的能力,以及近地面到50 km大气多要素的实验模拟能力。光学技术以高灵敏度、高分辨率、高选择性、多组分以及实时等优势,在大气环境领域日益发挥作用,为研究大气污染演变与气象过程相互作用、大气细粒子污染和光化学烟雾形成机理等基础科学问题研究提供数据支持,为揭示城市和区域尺度的大气复合污染特征、量化其环境影响,提供科技支撑。     

太湖水质参数的遥感监测研究

以太湖为研究对象,对TM各波段辐射率与水质参数进行拟合,分析了TM各波段经6S模型大气校正和未经校正直接拟合在监测内陆湖泊水质中的可行性。结果表明:TM波段经6S模型校正后能与太湖水质参教进行较好的匹配,同时通过实验得到了太湖地区水质参数的实用性回归公式。     

Acoustic plane-wave reflection from a rough surface over a random fluid half-space

Plane-wave reflection from a rough surface overlying a fluid half-space, with a sound speed distribution subject to a small and random perturbation, is considered. A theory based upon a boundary perturbation method in conjunction with a formulation derived from Green's function for the coherent field in the random medium have been applied to a typical oceanic environment to study their effects on the plane-wave reflection. By considering the coherent field itself, the plane-wave reflection may be obtained straightforwardly through a procedure consistent with the formalisms currently employed in rough surface scattering. The results show that both the rough surface and medium inhomogenieties may reduce the plane-wave reflection, however, the characteristics of the curves representing their effects are different, enabling us to identify the dominant scattering mechanism. The results for the coherent reflection due to the individual scattering mechanism are compatible with those found in the existing literature.     

海面阻力系数的流体力学研究

利用相似理论的方法 ,把湍流问题的尼古拉兹曲线引入到风应力中 ,阐明了决定海面阻力系数的关键因素 ,并提出了阻力系数和有效波高的关系。     

珠江崖门出海口大气边界层特征分析

利用广东新会崖门夏、冬季大气边界层综合测试资料，分析珠江崖门出海口地区的大气边界层特征。研究表明：边界层内６００ｍ左右是一个特征量的转折点，风速廓线明显偏离幂指数规律，平衡球法得到的扩散参数和Ｒａｓｑｕｉｌｌ－Ｇｉｆｆｏｒｄ曲线符合良好，三向风速仪法得到Ｄ，Ｅ，Ｆ类稳定度的扩散参数为Ｐａｓｑｕｉｌｌ－Ｇｉｆｆｏｒｄ曲线的２—３倍。珠江崖门出海口地区大气边界层特征和内陆地区有一定差别。     

Numerical Simulations of Sea Surface Cooling by a Mixed Layer Model during the Passage of Typhoon Rex

In order to investigate the formation mechanism of rapid decrease of maritime sea surface temperature (SST) observed by R/V Keifu Maru, the ocean response to Typhoon Rex is simulated using a mixed layer model. The rapid decrease of the maritime SST is successfully simulated with realistic atmospheric forcing and an entrainment scheme of which sources of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) are production due to wind stress, generation during free convection, and production due to current shear. The rapid decrease at the observed station by R/V Keifu Maru is not produced by instant atmospheric forcing but is mainly produced by entrainment on the right side of the running typhoon as a part of cooling area during its passage, and remained during a few days. The sea surface cooling (SSC) is evident along the track and on the right side of the running typhoon, which is similar to the SSC of satellite observation by TRMM/TMI. The conspicuous SSC produced by both entrainment and upwelling is situated just under the track of typhoon when the typhoon moves slower. Intercomparison of entrainment schemes of the mixed layer model is implemented. Frictional velocity and buoyancy effects are effective for a gradual SSC covering the wide region. In contrast, the effect of current shear at the mixed layer base is related to the amount of SSC and the sharp horizontal gradient of SSC. The entrainment scheme including all three TKE sources has the best performance for SSC simulation.