云南夏季降水量在21世纪初的突变减少及原因分析

利用1960—2013年云南125个台站观测资料和美国环境预报中心/国家大气研究中心再分析资料,以及1960—2013年美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)提供的逐月平均全球海表温度资料,分析了云南地区降水量变化的特征以及与之相关联的大气环流背景场。分析结果表明:云南降水量在2002年发生了一次显著减少的突变,而这次突变主要是由于夏季降水的明显减少而形成的。进一步的分析揭示了该地区夏季降水减少主要与印度洋热带赤道地区低层东风加强和高空西风加强有关,亚洲地区中高纬度温度的升高也对该地区夏季降水量显著减少有重要作用。     

2015年11月大气环流和天气分析

2015年11月环流特征如下：北半球极涡呈单极型分布,中高纬西风呈3波型分布,南支槽平均位置大致位于90°E附近,同时,西太平洋副热带高压较常年同期偏西、强度偏强。11月全国平均降水量39.4 mm,较常年同期偏多1.1倍;全国平均气温为4.1℃,较常年同期偏高1.2℃,但华北、东北等地气温偏低。月内共出现2次冷空气过程和4次主要降水过程,江南、华南等地部分地区雨量偏多2~3倍,多站出现极端日降水量;月内还有3次重污染天气过程。     

IMPACTS OF MONTHLY ANOMALIES OF INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION OVER SOUTH CHINA SEA AND SOUTH ASIA ON THE ACTIVITY OF SUMMER MONSOON AND RAINFALL IN EASTERN CHINA

The impact of strong (weak) intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) over South China Sea (SCS) and South Asia (SA) in summer on the SCS and SA summer monsoon and the summer rainfall in Eastern China are studied by using the NCEP-NCAR analysis data and the rainfall data of 160 stations in China from 1961 to 2010. It is found that the impacts are significantly different in different months of summer. The study shows that in June and July cyclonic (anticyclonic) atmospheric circulation over SCS and SA corresponds to strong (weak) ISO over SCS. In August, however, strong (weak) ISO over SCS still corresponds to cyclonic (anticyclonic) atmospheric circulation over SA. In June and August cyclonic (anticyclonic) atmospheric circulation over South Asia corresponds to strong (weak) ISO over SA while a strong (weak) ISO corresponds to anticyclonic (cyclonic) atmospheric circulation over SA in July. Besides, in June the strong (weak) ISO over SA corresponds to cyclonic (anticyclonic) atmospheric circulation over SCS, while in July and August the atmospheric circulation is in the same phase regardless of whether the ISO over SA is strong or weak. The impacts of the strong（weak）ISO over SCS on the rainfall of eastern China are similar in June and July, which favors less (more) rainfall in Yangtze-Huaihe Rivers basin but sufficient (deficient) rainfall in the south of Yangtze River. However, the impacts are not so apparent in August. In South Asia, the strong (weak) ISO in July results in less (more) rainfall in the south of Yangtze River but sufficient (deficient) rainfall in Yangtze-Huaihe Rivers basin. The influence on the rainfall in eastern China in June and August is not as significant as in July.     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TROPICAL ISO AND TROPICAL CYCLONE ACTIVITY OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

The relationship between the tropical intra-seasonal oscillation (ISO) and tropical cyclones (TCs) activities over the South China Sea (SCS) is investigated by utilizing the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) global reanalysis data and tropical cyclone best-track data from 1949 to 2009. The main conclusions are: (1) A new ISO index is designed to describe the tropical ISO activity over the SCS, which can simply express ISO for SCS. After examining the applicability of the index constructed by the Climate Prediction Center (CPC), we find that the convection spatial scale reflected by this index is too large to characterize the small-scale SCS and fails to divide the TCs activities over the SCS into active and inactive categories. Consequently, the CPC index can’t replace the function of the new ISO index; (2) The eastward spread process of tropical ISO is divided into eight phases using the new ISO index, the phase variation of which corresponds well with the TCs activities over the SCS. TCs generation and landing are significantly reduced during inactive period (phase 4-6) relative to that during active period (phase 7-3); (3) The composite analyses indicate distinct TCs activities over the SCS, which is consistent with the concomitant propagation of the ISO convective activity. During ISO active period, the weather situations are favorable for TCs development over the SCS, e.g., strong convection, cyclonic shear and weak subtropical high, and vice versa; (4) The condensation heating centers, strong convection and water vapor flux divergence are well collocated with each other during ISO active period. In addition, the vertical profile of condensation heat indicates strong ascending motion and middle-level heating over the SCS during active period, and vice versa. Thus, the eastward propagation of tropical ISO is capable to modulate TCs activities by affecting the heating configuration over the SCS.     

GPS/BDS卫星摄动力数值分析

由精密星历利用拉格朗日插值公式求二次导数的方法计算了卫星在J2000.0惯性坐标系下的总加速度;利用现有的力模型计算了地球中心引力,地球非球形摄动力,太阳、月球和其他行星的摄动力,地球固体潮摄动力,相对论效应摄动力对GPS/BDS卫星所产生的加速度数值大小;利用G-file里的BERNE太阳光压模型参数计算了GPS卫星太阳光压摄动加速度大小;对GPS/BDS卫星所受的不同摄动力进行了数值分析,对同一摄动力对不同类型卫星的影响进行了数值分析比较。结果表明,现有力模型与GPS/BDS卫星所受的实际作用力仍有一定的差距,不同类型卫星所受摄动力有明显差异,在精密定轨的实际应用中应根据不同类型卫星建立合适的力学模型。     

末次盛冰期以来中国湖泊记录对环流系统及气候类型的响应

为了探讨中国长时间尺度湖泊时空演变规律和潜在的驱动机制,本文在柯本气候分区和中国季风—非季风区的划分基础上,对中国34个有明确数据的典型湖泊运行CCSM 3.0气候模拟系统和水量能量平衡模型模拟其水位变化,同时利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料对中国按水汽输送划分的季风区进行验证。结果表明,末次盛冰期以来中国湖泊演化主要受千年尺度大气环流的驱动影响,在各个柯本气候区内没有明显的规律性。末次盛冰期以来,在季风区中国湖泊演化主要有早中全新世湖泊水位相对较高以及末次盛冰期和早全新世湖泊水位均较高2种演变规律;在东亚干旱区主要有中晚全新世期间湖泊水位相对较高以及末次盛冰期和中全新世湖泊水位均较高2种演变规律。本文为中国过去气候变化及湖泊演化机制研究提供新的证据,同时为人类全面认识末次盛冰期以来湖泊水位变化提供了新的视角。     

2016年10月大气环流和天气分析

2016年10月北半球极地地区极涡呈偶极性分布,极涡强度较常年同期偏强。中高纬环流为４波型,西太平洋副热带高压位置明显偏西、偏北,强度偏强。10月全国平均降水量55.4 mm,较常年同期（35.8 mm）偏多55%,为1951年来同期最多;全国平均气温10.9℃,较常年同期（10.3℃）偏高0.6℃。月内我国主要出现了6次区域性暴雨天气过程,其中2次是台风莎莉嘉和海马导致,2次是受低涡、切变线影响。冷空气活动频繁,出现5次过程,较常年偏多。京津冀地区出现4次雾 霾天气过程。今年第21号台风莎莉嘉于10月18日在海南省万宁市以强台风级别登陆,今年第22号台风海马于10月21日在广东省汕尾市登陆,均造成重大影响。     

2002年夏季中高纬大气准双周振荡对华南降水的影响

利用JRA55大气再分析资料和TRMM卫星降水资料,分析了2002年夏季（5~8月）华南地区降水的低频振荡特征,重点揭示了对其影响显著的中高纬大气季节内振荡的环流结构及演变。小波和功率谱分析表明,2002年夏季华南降水表现为主周期为10~30 d的准双周低频振荡。典型低频降水事件及合成分析指出,准双周降水的强（弱）变化除了受低空西北太平洋副热带高压西伸进入（东移退出）南海的影响以外,还显著地依赖于中高纬地区高空大气环流的季节内振荡。在对流层高层,中高纬度地区存在一支自大西洋经欧亚大陆的气旋—反气旋相间排列的低频波列。该波列在欧亚大陆地区向东南传播,当异常反气旋和气旋分别位于青藏高原和华北上空时,这种偶极型环流之间的高空辐散场有利于华南地区上升运动的发展,因而华南降水偏强;反之,华南降水偏弱。研究还表明,低频波列南移造成了对流层异常温度平流和副热带高层异常绝对涡度的变化,使得华南地区上升与下沉运动交替出现以及相应的经向环流圈反转,从而导致华南准双周振荡干湿位相的转换。局地异常感热加热对干湿位相转换也起一定作用。时滞相关分析发现,当青藏高原地区500 hPa位势高度异常场超前于华南异常降水4 d（即位相差为1/4周期）时,二者出现显著正相关,表明青藏高原地区500 hPa位势高度异常对预测华南地区季节内降水变化有潜在的应用价值。     

北半球秋季欧亚遥相关与华西秋雨的关系

利用EOF、相关分析、合成分析等常规统计方法研究华西秋雨与秋季欧亚遥相关(EUa)的关系。结果表明:北半球秋季欧亚遥相关(EUa)指数与华西秋雨呈显著的负相关,两者具有一致的阶段性特征。以1986年为界,20世纪80年代中期之前华西秋雨与EUa指数相关系数波动较大,均在-0.4以上,显著相关区主要集中于四川盆地西南部、贵州大部;20世纪80年代中期之后两者相关系数呈显著增加趋势,且显著相关区域向北偏移,主要集中于四川东北部、重庆大部以及陕西南部地区。EUa异常与华西秋雨的多寡关系显著。EUa正异常年,中高纬度环流形势与水汽特征有利于华西秋雨北部地区降水发生,华西秋雨南部地区缺乏水汽,动力条件不足,不利于秋雨偏多。EUa负异常年,华西秋雨东部地区,表现为有利于降水偏多,而西部地区则特征相反。     

The Pioneering Works of Professor Duzheng YE on Atmospheric Dispersion,Tibetan Plateau Meteorology,and Air–Sea Interaction

This paper provides an overview of the impacts of the original works of Professor Duzheng YE on a selected set of observational and model studies with which the present author has been associated over the past several decades. The main themes of these works include atmospheric energy dispersion, air–land interactions over the Tibetan Plateau, and El Ni n?orelated air–sea coupling over East Asia.The dispersive behavior of observed atmospheric fluctuations accompanying cold surge events in East Asia is demonstrated. Cold air outbreaks over Korea and southern China are coincident with the successive downstream development of troughs and ridges, with the group velocity of such wave packets being notably faster than the phase propagation speed of individual troughs and ridges. In a more general context, dispersive features are also discernible from lagged teleconnection charts and cross-spectra of observed and model-simulated geopotential height variations on 10–30-day time scales.Using the output from a high-resolution general circulation model, the relative contributions of condensational, sensible, and radiative heating to the atmospheric energy budget over the Tibetan Plateau are documented. The rapid changes of the upper tropospheric Tibetan anticyclone and East Asian mei-yu("plum rain") precipitation band associated with the development of the Asian monsoon system are described.The principal anomalies in sea level pressure, surface wind, precipitation and sea surface temperature over southeastern China and the Philippine Sea region during El Nio events are presented. The contributions of remote El Nio-related forcing and local air–sea interaction to the occurrence of these anomalies are assessed.