Global extent and distribution of artificial, residential waterways in estuaries

Artificial residential waterways are now widespread in the world’s estuaries. We used the global mapping tool, Google Earth, to determine that there are nearly 4000 linear km of artificial waterways globally, covering an area of 270 km². Residential waterways constructed as open, flow-through canal estates are at their greatest extent in North America (77% of global linear extent), where systems are typically longer and narrower, with more openings and dead-ends than systems elsewhere. The remaining canal estates are spread across all other continents except Antarctica: Asia (7%), Europe (7%), Oceania (7%), South America (0.9%), and Africa (0.6%). A relatively recent design change from open canals to artificial estuarine lakes with tidal barriers has occurred on all continents except Africa, most extensively in Australia (14 km² area, 57 independent systems). The extremely large expansion in artificial residential waterways aimed at increasing opportunities for waterfront living by humans has also modified and expanded estuarine habitat available to aquatic biota. Research can best underpin planning and management of these types of waterways by focussing on their value as habitat and their provision of other goods and services.     

台湾海峡金色小沙丁鱼幼鱼索饵群体研究

本文研究了台湾海峡南部和北部的金色小沙丁鱼当年生幼鱼计数性状和量度性状特征差异,并结合其生物学特性、产卵场、洄游及海区环境特征进行综合分析。结果表明,台湾海峡南部和北部的索饵幼鱼仍属于同一地方种群:闽南-台湾浅滩语地方种群。根据其索饵洄游特点,可分为台湾海峡南部和北部两个索饵群体.     

鱼类疫苗浸泡免疫策略优化的研究现状

疫苗是一种针对特定疾病并改善免疫者免疫力的生物制剂。疫苗能刺激免疫者的免疫系统产生特异性免疫反应和非特异性免疫反应,提高免疫者的抗病能力,达到免疫保护的效果。浸泡免疫是鱼类特有的免疫接种方法,该方法能简化人工操作、减少工作强度、降低鱼体应激、刺激鱼体的黏膜系统,可在短时间内完成大量的免疫工作。正确的疫苗使用有助于提高疫苗的效果。作者对鱼类黏膜免疫机制、鱼类疫苗浸泡免疫方式、浸泡免疫策略优化的方法、浸泡免疫面临的问题以及浸泡免疫的发展趋势等进行综述,以期为鱼类病害防治和鱼体免疫增强的研究提供新思路和新策略。     

我国生物海岸修复现状及展望

介绍了我国生物海岸的分布现状,总结出以柽柳为代表的灌木群落、以芦苇为代表的草本群落、以红树林为代表的常绿灌木与乔木群落以及珊瑚礁是我国海岸带四类典型生物群落。生物海岸的生态、旅游、渔牧和科研价值极高,但从20世纪50年代起,由于对生物海岸的价值认识不足,我国生物海岸被大量破坏,主要破坏原因可归纳为:1)土地功能转换式开发引起的红树林和草本岸线破坏;2)过度采挖及环境恶化引起的珊瑚礁破坏;3)土壤盐碱化引起的柽柳群落退化。从20世纪80年代至今,一系列海岸带保护与生态修复的举措陆续实施,减缓了我国海岸带生态加速破坏的态势,较好地保护和修复了我国生物海岸,其中最重要的举措包括:1)设立生物海岸湿地公园和自然保护区;2)建立健全生物海岸保护相关法律体系;3)开展典型生物海岸相关研究与修复技术探索;4)推进并实施"十三五"海洋规划中三大海洋重点工程。为了解我国海岸带生态修复的现状,于2017-2018年期间,分别在山东日照、潍坊,上海,广东汕头、汕尾以及徐闻进行了实地调研和测量,调研结果表明:在政策支持下,调研地区的生物海岸得到了很好的保护和修复,推进我国海岸带生态修复步入快速发展阶段。基于调研成果,指出我国在海岸带生态修复中应特别重视的一些问题。     

环礁沉积体系的过程-产物关系: 勘察式模拟初探

海洋沉积体系的定量模拟可分为仿真和勘察式模拟,后者的目标是建立沉积特征的连续谱、凝练新的科学问题。本文提出一个勘察式模拟的方法论框架,即根据控制方程确定自变量的定义域,进而由模拟计算给出应变量的值域,并结合物质收支平衡原理和“圆台状环礁”几何模型,以此方法预估环礁及其海底阶地物质输运和堆积格局。环礁是珊瑚礁的独特类型,其礁盘区提供了礁体生长和礁外坡、海底阶地堆积的几乎全部物源。结果表明,环礁自身生长受控于生物碎屑生产,而海底阶地的范围和沉积速率不仅决定于离礁悬沙通量,而且受到环礁外水深和海盆环流的制约。悬沙输运和重力流过程形成常态沉降和水下滑坡的交替沉积。此模型所预测的环礁沉积体系高程-面积曲线与南海环礁的实际曲线相对照,可获得环礁演化的机制信息。模拟结果还提示了需进一步研究的科学问题,如环礁生长规模及其控制机制、环礁沉积体系中周期性沉积的时间尺度、环礁外坡由于珊瑚生长自组织机制形成的重力流事件与地震等极端事件的对比和机制识别、环礁群的海底阶地沉积记录多样性、海面变化对环礁演化的影响和沉积记录、环礁人居环境安全等。     

Binogeochemical process of major elements in sinking particulate of Nansha coral reef lagoons,South

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A Stable Carbon Isotope Study of the Food-web in a Freshwater-deprived South African Estuary, with Particular Emphasis on the Ichthyofauna

The importance of macrophytes as food sources for estuarine nekton is unclear. Previous carbon isotope investigations in the macrophyte-dominated, freshwater-deprived Kariega Estuary showed that the bivalveSolen cylindraceusdid not utilize the dominant estuarine macrophytes found within the estuary as a primary food source. This finding prompted questions as to what the nekton of this estuary utilize as primary energy sources. δ¹³C analyses of the principal autochthonous and allochthonous primary carbon sources, as well as the dominant invertebrate and fish species, indicate that there are two main carbon pathways within the Kariega Estuary. The littoral community, which incorporates the majority of crustaceans, gobies, mullet and a sparid, utilizes δ¹³C enriched primary food sources namelySpartina maritima,Zosteracapensis and epiphytes. The channel fauna, which includes the zooplankton, zooplanktivorous and piscivorous fish, utilizes a primary food source depleted in δ¹³C, which is most likely a mixture of phytoplankton, terrestrial plant debris and C₄macrophyte detritus. The C₃saltmarsh macrophytesSarcocornia perennisandChenolea diffusa, as well as benthic microalgae, appear to be less important as primary food sources to the nekton of the Kariega Estuary.