新疆近50,a气候的变化特征

利用新疆地区具有较好代表性的23个气象台站1960-2009年的历史气候资料,运用线性倾向估计对新疆地区近50 a来气候变化的主要特征进行了分析.结果表明：近50 a来,新疆地区能量供给因子中的最高、最低和平均温度都呈明显的上升趋势,而日照时数、温度年较差呈明显的下降趋势,云量的变化趋势不明显并略有下降;空气动力因子风速的下降趋势显著;湿度因子中空气相对湿度和降水量略有上升趋势,而水汽压有明显上升趋势.受此影响,近50 a新疆地区气候总体趋于干向湿发展的趋势,气候朝暖湿方向变化.     

辽宁水稻主产区稻瘟病发生特征分析

利用1999-2012年辽宁省8个水稻主产区（17个观测点）的稻瘟病资料,分析辽宁省水稻主产区稻瘟病的发生特征及发展趋势。结果表明：2001年、2003年和2010年辽宁地区水稻产量显著下降,水稻生产受稻瘟病影响较大。2011年辽宁水稻种植主要集中在沈阳、盘锦、铁岭、辽阳、丹东和营口地区,其余地区也有少量种植。2001年辽宁稻瘟病（主要为穗颈瘟）发生严重,发病率为27.7 %。稻瘟病主要在新宾和清原发生严重,平均发病率分别为17.0 %和16.4 %。辽宁不同熟期水稻以中早熟品种稻瘟病发生严重,平均发病率为10.1 %。辽宁不同区域以辽东地区水稻稻瘟病发生严重,平均发病率为11.2 %。     

日照市近海海域灾害地质类型及特征分析

日照近岸海域灾害地质类型主要为埋藏下切谷、海底侵蚀、冲刷沟槽和冲刷陡坎及海底抛泥区等。通过对日照海岸带近岸海域的浅地层剖面和水深测量资料,开展主要地震地层界面的追踪和对比,结合沉积物粒度和地球化学特征,对近海海域潜在灾害地质因素进行分析对比,探讨了日照近海海区的灾害地质类型、特征和分布规律,为半岛蓝色经济区的海洋开发提供基础地质资料。     

A comparison of techniques for generating forest ownership spatial products

To fully understand forest resources, it is imperative to understand the social context in which the forests exist. A pivotal part of that context is the forest ownership. It is the owners, operating within biophysical and social constraints, who ultimately decide if the land will remain forested, how the resources will be used, and by whom. Forest ownership patterns vary substantially across the United States. These distributions are traditionally represented with tabular statistics that fail to capture the spatial patterns of ownership. Existing spatial products are not sufficient for many strategic-level planning needs because they are not electronically available for large areas (e.g., parcels maps) or do not provide detailed ownership categories (e.g., only depict private versus public ownership). Thiessen polygon, multinomial logit, and classification tree methods were tested for producing a forest ownership spatial dataset across four states with divergent ownership patterns: Alabama, Arizona, Michigan, and Oregon. Over 17,000 sample points with classified forest ownership, collected as part of the USDA Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program, were divided into two datasets, one used as the dependent variable across all of the models and 10 percent of the points were retained for validation across the models. Additional model inputs included a polygon coverage of public lands from the Conservation Biology Institute’s Protected Areas Database (PAD) and data representing human population pressures, road densities, forest characteristics, land cover, and other attributes. The Thiessen polygon approach predicted ownership patterns based on proximity to the sample points in the model dataset and subsequent combining with the PAD ownership data layer. The multinomial logit and classification tree approaches predicted the ownership at the validation points based on the PAD ownership information and data representing human population, road, forest, land cover, and other attributes. The percentage of validation points across the four states correctly predicted ranged from 76.3 to 78.9 among the methods with corresponding weighted kappa values ranging from 0.73 to 0.76. Different methods performed slightly, but statistically significantly, better in different states Overall, the Thiessen polygon method was deemed preferable because: it has a lower bias towards dominant ownership categories; requires fewer inputs; and is simpler to implement.     

基于谱间特征与多种指数分析的居民地信息提取方法

本文在分析现有居民地提取方法的基础上,提出将归一化建筑指数(NDBI)、改进归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)、土壤调节植被指数(SAVI)、比值居民地指数(RRI)相结合进行居民地信息提取的方法。以浙江省宁波市为例,通过光谱采样及各类地物在4种指数上的取值分析,建立模型进行居民地信息提取及精度验证,结果表明:利用该模型可以实现居民地信息的自动提取,能提高居民地与裸地的可分性,减少背景地物的影响,总体精度为91.08%。     

Urban industrial Areas

Andersen. Hans Thor: Urban industrial Areas. Geografisk Tidsskrift 84: 50–52. Copenhagen, January 1984.

The development of the large cities has been closely connected with industrialization. However, the decentralization of industry and manufacturing jobs has accelerated from 1970. This process has left a huge stock of old. derelict industrial buildings and a pool of unemployed workes.     

Towards a new methodological framework for the delimitation of rural and urban areas: a case study of Serbia

Abstract: Identification of urban and rural areas has been a widely present topic in the past decades, both in scientific research and in the policy and practice of spatial/regional development and territorial governance. The internationally accepted OECD definition does not produce appropriate results that are able to include the multidimensionality of these territories. In this context, the aim of this paper is the analysis and selection of relevant criteria and indicators of urbanity/rurality that may be significant for the establishment of a methodological framework for identifying urban and rural areas in Serbia. Multivariate analysis (PCA, FA and CA) was used to group local self-government units (LSGU) in Serbia that share similar characteristics. The research resulted in five types of areas which indicate that rural and urban areas in Serbia are very diverse in terms of physiogeographical, socio-economic and functional characteristics. The results of this paper offer a more detailed analysis based on scientifically and empirically selected indicators and can be applied in the practice of spatial and urban planning, and in the adaptation of strategic development documents at the regional or national level.     

THE MOST PERFECT EXAMPLE OF AN ALIEN ECOLOGY EVER CONSTRUCTED

Much science-fiction literature is based upon the creation and exploration of alternative environments. Stanley G. Weinbaum's short story, “Parasite Planet,”introduces an unusual environment that may be wrong in the light of recent evidence on Venus but still stimulates the geographical imagination.     

Response to Commentaries by Craig Campbell,Lyle Courtney and Walter G. Hardwick,and John E. Chappell,Jr.

Abstract

The combination of detailed sample data with less detailed but fully enumerated marginal subtotals is the focus of a wide range of research. In this article we advocate careful modeling of sample data, followed by Iterative Proportional Fitting (IPF). The modeling aims to estimate accurately the interaction or odds ratios of complex tables, which is information not contained in the marginal subtotals. IPF ensures consistency with the subtotals. We advance this work in three practical ways. First, we show that detailed small-area estimates of both counts and proportional distributions usually gain accuracy by combining data for larger areas containing the small areas, and we illustrate the multilevel framework to achieve these estimates. Second, we find that a general classification or socioeconomic typology of the small areas is even more associated with the within-area interactions than is membership of the larger area. Third, we show how the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) can be used for IPF in any number of dimensions and with any structure of constraining marginal subtotals. Throughout, we use an example taken from the 1991 U.K. Census. These data allow us to evaluate various methods combining 100 percent tabulations and the Samples of Anonymised Records.

     

Typologies of sprawl: investigating United States metropolitan land use patterns

We investigate patterns of residential and nonresidential land use in 311 United States metropolitan (Extended Urban) areas in 2000 using four measures: intensity, compactness, mixing, and core-dominance. A cluster analysis revealed four distinctive groups of land use patterns: (1) Most-Intense, Least-Compact, Least-Mixed, More-Monocentric Development, (2) Less-Intense, Most-Compact, Less-Mixed, Less-Monocentric Development, (3) Least-Intense, Less-Compact, Most-Mixed, Most-Monocentric Development, (4) More-Intense, More-Compact, More-Mixed, Polycentric Development. Bivariate statistics demonstrated that geographic, historic, economic, demographic, and transport variables differentiate land use pattern types. Based on their multidimensional distinctions, we label the four types of metropolitan areas: Ascendants, Insulars, Redevelopers, and Cosmopolitans.