Depositional architecture of the tertiary tectonic sequences and their response to foreland tectonism in the Kuqa depression, the Tarim Basin

The Tertiary Kuqa depression is a foreland basin generated by flexural subsidence resulting from the southward thrusting of the southern Tianshan Mountains. Tertiary basin fills of the depression can be classified into four tectonic sequences bounded by gentle angular unconformities. The sequences are composed of two parts, the lower transgressive and the upper progradational successions, which are separated by a regional maximum transgressive surface. The development of these sequences is attributed to the foreland tectonic process from flexural subsidence caused by thrust loading to rebounded uplift due to the erosion and stress release. The generation of the angular unconformities defining the tectonic sequences has been interpreted as the result of the rebounded uplift and the following thrusting. It has been found that there is a significant difference in depositional pattern between the northeastern and the northwestern margins. The relatively strong thrusting and mountain building occurring along the northwestern margin resulted in the development of thick-bedded alluvial fan and angular unconformities. The northeastern margin, in contract, lacks thick alluvial fan accumulation due to weak thrusting. This difference is likely related to the pre-existing east-west partition of the basin basement.     

矿产资源领域三项基本国情调查成果数据的综合集成与应用

全国矿产资源潜力评价、全国矿产资源储量利用现状调查、全国矿业权实地核查是我国在矿产资源领域开展的三项全国性基本国情调查项目,形成了多于10 Tb的地质资料数据。为了促进地质资料共享,提升为找矿突破战略行动、企事业单位及社会大众的多方服务能力,分析了具有典型海量、异构特性的三项调查成果数据集成需求,提出了“地质信息一张图”的构建思想,分别从数据集成、应用集成两个角度对成果的共享与应用进行了研究。通过服务接口提供地质数据资源、计算资源,使用各类客户端完成三项成果数据的在线访问、分析、融合展示、专题图生成等业务。提出了在线按需提供多种地质资料产品、网上提交需求而离线加工的两种新型地质资料服务模式。以金矿、铁矿的区域性成果数据为研究对象,初步搭建了三大专项集成与共享试验平台,基于GIS编程实现了原型系统,实现了跨专项的数据分析、各种图件自动生成等功能,证明了方案的可操作性,为我国后续开展三大专项的全国性集成工作、国土资源“一张图”建设等提供了有价值的参考。     

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷夏子街扇区三叠系百口泉组沉积演化特征*

玛湖凹陷是准噶尔盆地最具规模的油气聚集带与勘探区,发育以砾岩为主、具有较强非均质性的粗粒沉积复杂地层。对粗粒沉积体的精细刻画有助于研究沉积体内部的非均质性特征。应用储层构型分析法,结合研究区岩心、测井、录井资料,对玛湖凹陷夏子街扇区三叠系百口泉组沉积体内部9个级次构型要素的几何形态、大小、方向以及相互之间的叠置关系进行了表征,识别出12种岩石相类型以及10种由岩石相组合而成的沉积微相类型。通过分析沉积微相在垂向、平面上的不同组合特征,扇体的类型受沉积环境影响发生变化,逐渐由冲积扇、河流扇转换为扇三角洲,整体反映了湖平面上升或沉积物供给量逐渐减小的沉积背景。分析夏子街扇区各期次的扇体特征,包括长轴、短轴距离、长轴短轴比、扇根与扇缘厚度变化、扇体坡度变化、扇体最大粒径变化等,认为扇体顺物源方向有以下变化趋势: 沉积物粒径大小随河道搬运逐渐减小,减小的幅度受扇体坡度影响,坡度越陡沉积物粒径减小的越快;河道数量减少,流量降低;河道沉积物在横向和纵向上的连通性逐渐降低;砂岩、砾岩厚度逐渐减小,泥岩厚度逐渐增加,湖相沉积变得较为发育。总结玛湖凹陷百口泉组的各期次扇体共可归纳出6种扇体模式: 冲积扇、冲积—河流扇、河流—末梢扇、河流扇—扇三角洲、扇三角洲、大型河流扇。     

Hydraulic traits that buffer deep-rooted plants from changes in hydrology and climate

Groundwater-dependent ecosystems are often defined by the presence of deeply rooted phreatophytic plants. When connected to groundwater, phreatophytes in arid regions decouple ecosystem net primary productivity from precipitation, underscoring a disproportionately high biodiversity and exchange of resources relative to surrounding areas. However, groundwater-dependent ecosystems are widely threatened due to the effects of water diversions, groundwater abstraction, and higher frequencies of episodic drought and heat waves. The resilience of these ecosystems to shifting ecohydrological–climatological conditions will depend largely on the capacity of dominant, phreatophytic plants to cope with dramatic reductions in water availability and increases in atmospheric water demand. This paper disentangles the broad range of hydraulic traits expressed by phreatophytic vegetation to better understand their capacity to survive or even thrive under shifting ecohydrological conditions. We focus on three elements of plant water relations: (a) hydraulic architecture (including root area to leaf area ratios and rooting depth), (b) xylem structure and function, and (c) stomatal regulation. We place the expression of these traits across a continuum of phreatophytic habits from obligate to semi-obligate to semi-facultative to facultative. Although many species occupy multiple phreatophytic niches depending on access to groundwater, we anticipate that populations are largely locally adapted to a narrow range of ecohydrological conditions regardless of gene flow across ecohydrological gradients. Consequently, we hypothesize that reductions in available groundwater and increases in atmospheric water demand will result in either (a) stand replacement of obligate phreatophytic species with more facultative species as a function of widespread mortality in highly groundwater-dependent populations or (b) directional selection in semi-obligate and semi-facultative phreatophytes towards the expression of traits associated with highly facultative phreatophytes in the absence of species replacement. Anticipated shifts in the expression of hydraulic traits may have profound impacts on water cycling processes, species assemblages, and habitat structure of groundwater-dependent woodlands and riparian forests.     

Evolution of an ancient coastal plain: palaeosols, interfluves and alluvial architecture in a sequence stratigraphic framework, Cenomanian Dunvegan Formation, NE British Columbia, Canada

To date, discussion of changes in alluvial style and in the character of palaeosols in relation to changes in accommodation and sediment supply on floodplains has primarily been from a conceptual standpoint: few case studies are available against which to test ideas. One hundred and thirty metres of non-marine strata of the Dunvegan Formation were examined in 14 closely spaced sections in the canyon of the Kiskatinaw River, NE British Columbia, Canada. This site was located about 120 km inland from the transgressive limit of the contemporary marine shoreline and represents almost exclusively freshwater environments. Fluvial channels in the Kiskatinaw River section are of two types. Small, single-storey, very fine- to fine-grained sandstone ribbons with W/T ratios <30, encased in fine-grained floodplain sediments are interpreted as anastomosed channels. Fine- to medium-grained, laterally accreted point-bar deposits forming multistorey sand bodies with individual W/T ratios >30 are interpreted as the deposits of meandering rivers filling incised valleys. Interchannel facies include the deposits of crevasse channels and splays, lakes, floodplains and palaeosols. Floodplain palaeosols consist of laterally heterogeneous, simple palaeosol profiles and pedocomplexes similar to modern Entisols, Inceptisols and hydromorphic soils. Interfluve, sequence-bounding palaeosols adjacent to incised valleys are laterally continuous, up to 3 m thick and can be reliably identified using a combination of (1) stratigraphic position; (2) field observations, such as thickness, structure, colour, degree of rooting; and (3) micromorphological features, such as evidence of bioturbation, clay coatings, ferruginous features and sphaerosiderite. Interfluve palaeosols are similar to modern Alfisols and Ultisols. Correlation of the local stratigraphic succession with the regional sequence stratigraphic framework, based on 2340 well logs and 60 outcrop sections, shows that the vertical changes in coastal plain character (more coals and lakes vs. more pedogenesis) can be related to relatively high-frequency base level cycles (eustatic?) that are expressed as transgressive–regressive marine cycles in downdip areas. Regional isopach maps show that these cycles were progressively overprinted and modified by an increasing rate of tectonic subsidence in the north and west. The character of palaeosols developed on aggrading floodplains primarily reflects local sediment supply and drainage. In contrast, well-developed interfluve palaeosols record pedogenesis during periods of reduced or negative accommodation (base level fall). Vertical changes in floodplain palaeoenvironments and palaeosol types reflect changes in accommodation rate. The detailed micromorphological analysis of interfluve palaeosols represents a powerful application of an under-used technique for the recognition of key surfaces in the geological record. This has broad implications for non-marine sequence stratigraphy.     

南海莺歌海盆地黄流组海底扇储层构型特征*

南海莺歌海盆地东方X气田中新统黄流组一段发育浅海海底扇沉积,沉积类型特殊,砂体连通性复杂,对储层构型的研究较为薄弱,影响了该地区的油气勘探和开发。以层序地层学、沉积学、测井地质学、地震沉积学等理论为指导,结合岩心、钻井、测井、三维地震和地震波阻抗反演成果等资料,对东方X气田中新统黄流组一段Ⅱ_b气组海底扇构型单元及砂体分布规律进行研究。结果表明: 研究区海底扇主要发育中扇亚相的水道沉积、堤岸沉积、席状砂和扇缘砂; Ⅱ_b气组以水道沉积及席状砂为主,2期水道沉积以充填沉积作用为主,整体呈NW-SE向展布;储集层内部砂体有层状充填、垂向切叠及侧向切叠3种叠置样式; 储层构型主控因素包括物源供给、地形坡度及重力流能量。     

Architectural Model of a Dryland Gravel Braided River, based on 3D UAV Oblique Photogrammetric Data: A Case Study of West Dalongkou River in Eastern Xinjiang, China

Three-dimensional unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) oblique photogrammetric data were used to infer mountainous gravel braided river lithofacies, lithofacies associations and architectural elements. Hierarchical architecture and lithofacies associations with detailed lithofacies characterizations were comprehensively described to document the architectural model, architectural element scale and gravel particle scale.(1) Nine lithofacies(i.e., Gmm, Gcm, Gcc, Gci, Gcl, Ss, Sm, Fsm and Fl) were identifi...     

歧口凹陷层序构成样式的时空差异性研究

歧口凹陷为中国东部渤海湾盆地内重要的内陆断陷含油气凹陷,具有多幕构造演化、多类构造样式、多个物源体系、沉积体系演化时空变化剧烈等特点,导致层序构成样式在时空上具有显著的差异性。结合歧口凹陷构造古地貌背景和物源供给体系时空演化差异性的研究,在研究区古近系总结出四种典型的层序构成样式:断控陡坡带型层序样式、多级断阶带型层序样式、轴向断坡带型层序样式、挠曲坡折带型层序样式。层序构成样式的时空差异主要受控于宏观构造的幕式演化和局部同沉积断裂不同组合样式所形成的特定的古地貌差异,而物源供给体系的强弱程度以及供给方向变化也是控制层序构成样式的重要因素。不同类型的层序构成样式控制了沉积体系、砂分散体系的时空分布特征,进而影响了砂体的分散和堆积样式。因此,层序构成样式的时空差异性分析对于研究区有利隐蔽圈闭的预测具有重要指导意义。     

Morphology and internal architecture of a banner bank off Chengshan Headland, Shandong Peninsula

A banner bank off the north coast of the Chengshan Headland,Shandong Peninsula,has been described on the basis of echo sounder bathymetry,side-scan sonar and high-resolution seismic data sets.The bank is in NWW direction,approximately parallel to the coastline.The bank consists of sandy silt or clayed silt.Sand waves and megaripples are observed on the north side,which result from strong tidal currents around the headland and storm waves in winter.These bed forms indicate that the bank is influenced by the modern hydrodynamics.The bank is separated from the coast and Holocene subaqueous clinoform around the Shandong Peninsula in its east part.High-resolution seismic profiles reveal that the bank was formed during two periods:the earlier seismic unit Ua,and later seismic units Ub and Uc which overlays Ua with erosional surfaces on its south side and north side,respectively.As comparing with the clinoform,the bank has a different internal architecture.In the west of the bank,however,topography and surface sediment characteristics suggest that the bank links to the clinoform.The authors propose that seismic Ua is a residual part of early clinoform deposit.After the sediments in the north and south of Ua were eroded by strong currents,the Ub and Uc started to deposit probably by a complex hydrodynamic process.These results provide new insights into the evolution of the bank and its relation with the Holocene subqueous clinoform.