一种通用GIS应用体系结构的分析与应用

“:三层”软件体系结构作为构建传统信息系统应用的成熟框架,将其应用于GIS,从整体上看是合适的。但同时考虑到地理信息所具有的特殊性,使得通用的GIS应用还需要在“三层”体系结构中加入一些额外的功能要求。具体分析了“三层”软件体系结构与地理信息的特殊性之后,参考OGC和ISO/TC211的标准规范,提出了一种通用的GIS应用体系结构,并按照体系结构构建了一个GIS应用实例,证明了结构的合理性与可行性。     

基于OGSA的城市空间信息共享服务架构

网络在城市地理信息系统的构建过程中越来越重要, 信息资源正从单纯的自供自给的封闭模式发展成为内部数据加外部数据模式.在研究网格计算、空间元数据、开放网格服务体系及互操作等技术基础上, 利用Wrapper/ Mediator方法给出基于开放网格服务体系(open grid service architecture, OGSA) 城市空间信息共享技术的总体架构.该框架解决了多源系统间的互操作问题, 为城市地理信息系统建设中空间数据共享提供一种全新的理论指导.      

基于SOA的税收征管网络GIS平台

 为了能直观、形象和动态地反映不同区域税收状况的空间分布规律和变化趋势,提高异构税收征管GIS系统的数据共享和互操作性能,采用GIS企业级中间件与开放地理信息联盟(OGC)规范的GIS Web服务(GIServices)相互集成的方式,构建一种面向服务架构(SOA)的税收征管WebGIS系统(STAXGIS)。STAXGIS是一致性的业务模型和信息模型,通过GIS企业级中间件提供空间数据转换、税收业务处理与税收空间分析等高级服务功能,并采用GIServices提供税源查询与定位、税收专题分析、税务查询与申报等方面的信息服务。STAXGIS采用J2EE 4层框架(即数据层、应用服务层、Web服务层和客户层)实现其部署与分层管理,这与传统税收征管GIS系统相比,STAXGIS的征管效率和可扩展性大大提高。以福建省福州市为例的研究表明,STAXGIS可增强现有分散管理的异构税收征管GIS系统在分布式环境下的信息共享能力和互操作性,提高异构环境下税收征管空间分析的整体效率,并向各级税务管理部门提供直接或间接的决策支持。     

不同类型防护林中樟子松的构型特征分析

 影响植物枝系构型的因素有各级分枝长度、各级分枝角度、枝径比、逐步分枝率和总体分枝率等。采用枝系构型的理论和方法,对甘肃民勤不同类型防护林中樟子松的分枝构型特征进行研究。结果表明：①不同类型防护林中的樟子松分枝格局有较大的差异,主要表现在分枝长度、分枝率等变化明显;②不同类型防护林中樟子松在不同部位处的分枝格局也存在一定的差异性,劣势类型Ⅰ的中下部枝条占优势,优势类型Ⅱ、中间类型Ⅲ以中上部枝条占优势,而劣势类型Ⅰ的基部分枝角度大于其他两种类型的;③优势类型防护林中樟子松在距地面不同高度处的分枝长度、分枝角度随高度呈规律性变化,在不同高度处的枝系构型指标以中上部占优势,基部较弱;④通过分枝构型特征研究认为在干旱区营造樟子松防护林以杨树和樟子松株间混交效果较好,杨树与樟子松行间混交效果较差,樟子松纯林居中。     

土建筑遗址干湿耐久性研究

选择新疆交河故城原状生土试样和重塑土试样进行了干湿循环试验,之后进行了风洞试验和强度试验,研究土建筑的干湿耐久性。试验结果表明,在试样原始含水率比较低的情况下,试样首先经历了一个质量增大的过程,3个干湿循环后,试样的质量变化进入一个相对稳定的范围。随着增湿与脱湿过程中伴随的水分质量的变化,试样质量的整体趋势是减小的。随干湿循环次数增大,原状试样的强度减小,风蚀量增大,即耐久性持续变差。相反,随干湿循环次数增大,重塑样的强度反而增大,风蚀量减小,即耐久性有所提高。重塑样由于重塑过程中其微观结构受到破坏,强度弱化。干湿循环在某种意义上对重塑土起到“陈化作用”,愈合损伤的微结构。初期重塑土强度随干湿循环次数的增加逐渐增强,而后强度逐渐衰减抗风蚀能力减弱。     

The sedimentology of river confluences

Channel confluences are key nodes within large river networks, and yet surprisingly little is known about their spatial and temporal evolution. Moreover, because confluences are associated with vertical scour that typically extends to several times the mean channel depth, the deposits associated with such scours should have a high preservation potential within the rock record. Paradoxically, such scours are rarely observed, and their preservation and sedimentological interpretation are poorly understood. The present study details results from a physically‐based morphodynamic model that is applied to simulate the evolution and alluvial architecture of large river junctions. Boundary conditions within the model were defined to approximate the junction of the Ganges and Jamuna rivers, Bangladesh, with the model output being supplemented by geophysical datasets collected at this junction. The numerical simulations reveal several distinct styles of sedimentary fill that are related to the morphodynamic behaviour of bars, confluence scour downstream of braid bars, bend scour and major junction scour. Comparison with existing, largely qualitative, conceptual models reveals that none of these can be applied simply, although elements of each are evident in the deposits generated by the numerical simulation and observed in the geophysical data. The characteristics of the simulated scour deposits are found to vary according to the degree of reworking caused by channel migration, a factor not considered adequately in current conceptual models of confluence sedimentology. The alluvial architecture of major junction scours is thus characterized by the prevalence of erosion surfaces in conjunction with the thickest depositional sets. Confluence scour downstream of braid bar and bend scour sites may preserve some large individual sets, but these locations are typically characterized by lower average set thickness compared to major junction scour and by a lack of large‐scale erosional surfaces. Areas of deposition not related to any of the specific scour types highlighted above record the thinnest depositional sets. This variety in the alluvial architecture of scours may go some way towards explaining the paradox of ancient junction scours, that while abundant large scours are likely in the rock record, they have been reported rarely. The present results outline the likely range of confluence sedimentology and will serve as a new tool for recognizing and interpreting these deposits in the ancient fluvial record.     

辫状河内部构型递进式建模方法

为了精细刻画辫状河储层内部构型单元,提出了一种基于目标逐层递进式约束的建模方法。具体实现过程为通过基于目标的算法依次生成三个目标体:复合河道、心滩和落淤层,并设置相应规则使其满足辫状河构型模式,同时结合现代沉积和野外露头统计分析得到的经验数据与公式,来约束各目标体的参数分布范围,从而控制其在平面和剖面上的几何形态和规模,形成一套完整的递进式建模技术流程。该方法能够较好地刻画不同级次构型单元的几何形态、空间分布和相互之间的关系,生成的三维模型比较符合辫状河地质模式,实现了辫状河内部构型的三维表征,为剩余油的挖潜提供借鉴。     

Influence of root characteristics and soil variables on the uprooting mechanics of Avena sativa and Medicago sativa seedlings

The success of seedlings and rejuvenated woody debris growing on river bedforms depends on the resistance to uprooting by flow provided by their simple root architecture. Avena sativa and Medicago sativa seedlings were used in flume experiments as prototypes for juvenile riparian plants. Very little is known about the magnitude of root anchoring forces and the role of secondary roots of such simple root systems. We performed 1550 vertical uprooting experiments on Avena sativa and Medicago sativa seedlings grown in quartz sand. Seedlings were pulled up by direct traction using a wheel driven by a computer‐controlled motor and the force was recorded. Roots were scanned and architectural parameters (root length and number of roots) determined. Uprooting force and work (the integral of the applied force times the distance over which it is applied) were then related to root architecture and soil variables. Resistance to uprooting increased with decreasing sediment size and sediment moisture content. The initial response of the root–soil system to uprooting showed linear elastic behaviour with modulus increasing with plant age. While the maximum uprooting force was found to increase linearly with total root length and be mainly dependent on the length of the main root, uprooting work followed a power law and has to be related to the whole root system. Thus, for the young plants we considered, secondary roots are responsible for the ability to withstand environmental disturbances in terms of duration rather than magnitude. This distinction between primary and secondary roots can be of crucial importance for seedlings of riparian species germinating on river bars and islands where inundation is a main cause of mortality. Beyond clarifying the biomechanical role of soil and root variables, the uprooting statistics obtained are useful in interpreting and designing ecomorphodynamic flume experiments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多种建模方法耦合建立冲积扇三维构型模型:以克拉玛依油田六中东区下克拉玛依组为例

以克拉玛依油田六中东区下克拉玛依组为例,通过对8口小井距的密闭取心井及周围24口井的构型特征分析,建立了研究区目的层段的三维构型模型。分析得到冲积扇不同亚相实用的构型建模方法：冲积扇扇根为泛连通体,各级构型展布范围不大,主要为片流砂砾体,三维构型建模适合用基于目标的模拟方法;扇中主要构型单元为漫流细粒、辫流水道和漫流砂体,辫流水道与漫流砂体有明显的接触分带关系,适合用截断高斯模拟方法;扇缘主要构型单元为漫流细粒,少量分布径流水道和漫流砂体,适合用序贯指示及基于目标的模拟方法。最终建立的三维构型模型能较好地体现了各级构型单元在平面上和垂向上的展布范围和接触关系。为后期剩余油分布的预测、井网调整及剩余油挖潜提供了准确的依据。     

Three-dimensional geological modeling and its application in Digital Mine

The 3D geological modeling is the prerequisite and core foundation for Digital Mine. Although this new technology brings new opportunities and motivation for the mineral exploration industry, it still has many difficulties to be solved in this area. Based on the characteristics of mine data and the aim of Digital Mine construction, this paper introduces a theory including multi-source data coupling, multi-modeling methods integration, multi-resolution visualization and detection, and multidimensional data analysis and application. By analyzing problems such as the uncertainty in each step of the modeling process, we designed a novel modeling method that can be applied to the complex geological body modeling, mineral resource/reserve estimation, and the mining exploration engineering. Along with the process of mine exploration, development, and reclamation, 3D modeling undergoes the process of “construction-simulation-revision” during which the 3D model is able to be dynamically updated and gradually improved. Based on the result of practical utilization, it is proven that the methodology introduced by this paper can be used to build an effective 3D model by fully using the mining data under the control of spatial information quality evaluation. Our experiments show that such a 3D model can be used to evaluate the mine resource and provide the scientific evidence to improve mining efficiency during the various stages of evolvement process in mine.