Strata Architectural Variability and Facies Distribution in a Structural Transfer Zone:A Case Study of Fushan Sag,Northern South China Sea

Structural transfer zones in a half-graben rift basin play a significant role in controlling sandy sediments and providing a target for hydrocarbon exploration. Previous studies have classified the transfer zone in lacustrine environments into two different patterns: synthetic approaching transfer zones and synthetic overlapping transfer zones. However, the evolution of the depositional pattern and the controlling factors of the above transfer zones are still unclear. In the Fushan Sag, the northern South China Sea, an overlapping transfer zone developed in the early Eocene Epoch, while a synthetic approaching transfer zone developed in the late Eocene, due to tectonic uplift. This evolutionary process provided an opportunity to study the stacking pattern of strata architectural variability and facies distribution in the structural transfer zone of the Eocene lacustrine basin. In this study, following the indications of the oriented sedimentary structures in core samples and heavy mineral assemblages of 18 wells, the evolution of the paleo-hydrodynamic distribution during the early and late Eocene has been reconstructed. The sequence-stratigraphy was then divided and the sand body parameters calculated, according to the seismic data and well log interpretations. During the early Eocene, the lake level was at a low stand, the faults broken displacement in the East block being over 50?m. The prograding delta and turbidites are oriented perpendicular to the structural transfer zone. According to the quantitative analysis of the flow rate and the depositional parameters, we speculate that gravity transportation of the sediment and the sediment-supply are the dominating factors during this period. Up to the late Eocene, the rising lake level and the decreased fault displacement leads the flow to divert to a NE-direction, resulting in it being parallel to the axis of the transfer zone. Thus, we speculate that the accommodation space is predominant in this period. In comparison with the above two periods, a braided river delta with an isolated sand body and turbidites developing in the deep area is prominent in the overlapping transfer zone, while a meandering river delta is characteristic of the synthetic approaching transfer zone.     

论中国“多规”分立及其演化与融合问题

系统研究了国民经济和社会发展规划、城市总体规划、土地利用规划、环境保护规划等"类空间"规划"多规"分立及其演化过程,肯定了各项规划的历史地位和发挥的专业智慧作用,但由于中国处在计划经济体制向社会主义市场经济体制的转型期,这些规划的目标、规划理论、编制方法和实施途径的趋同化明显,导致了规划内容交叉冲突、实施和协调难度大和规划失效现象。规划界和地方政府开始推行"多规合一"实践,但存在条块分割的政府管理体制、规划法规依据不一、规划期限和发展目标差异以及规划编制技术标准不同,难以达到协调和协同的目的。根据中国国情和面向市场经济体制改革,需要建立基于"多规融合"的区域发展总体规划制度框架,实现"一级政府、一本规划"和"一本规划干到底"。     

A combined study of radar facies,lithofacies and three‐dimensional architecture of an alpine alluvial fan (Illgraben fan,Switzerland)

Alluvial fans serve as useful archives that record the history of depositional and erosional processes in mountainous regions and thus can reveal the environmental controls that influenced their development. Economically, they play an important role as groundwater reservoirs as well as host rocks for hydrocarbons in deeply buried systems. The interpretation of these archives and the evaluation of their reservoir architecture, however, are problematic because marked heterogeneity in the distribution of sedimentary facies makes correlation difficult. This problem is compounded because the accumulated sedimentary deposits of modern unconsolidated fan systems tend to be poorly exposed and few such systems have been the focus of investigation using high‐resolution subsurface analytical techniques. To overcome this limitation of standard outcrop–analogue studies, a geophysical survey of an alpine alluvial fan was performed using ground‐penetrating radar to devise a scaled three‐dimensional subsurface model. Radar facies were classified and calibrated to lithofacies within a fan system that provided outcropping walls and these were used to derive a three‐dimensional model of the sedimentary architecture and identify evolutionary fan stages. The Illgraben fan in the Swiss Alps was selected as a case study and a network of ca 60 km sections of ground‐penetrating radar was surveyed. Seven radar facies types could be distinguished, which were grouped into debris‐flow deposits and stream‐flow deposits. Assemblages of these radar facies types show three depositional units, which are separated by continuous, fan‐wide reflectors; they were interpreted as palaeo‐surfaces corresponding to episodes of sediment starvation that affected the entire fan. An overall upward decline in the proportion of debris‐flow deposits from ca 50% to 15% and a corresponding increase in stream‐flow deposits were identified. The uppermost depositional unit is bounded at its base by a significant incision surface up to 700 m wide, which was subsequently filled up mostly by stream‐flow deposits. The pronounced palaeo‐surfaces and depositional trends suggest that allocyclic controls governed the evolution of the Illgraben fan, making this fan a valuable archive from which to reconstruct past sediment fluxes and environmental change in the Alps. The results of the integrated outcrop–geophysical approach encourage similar future studies on fans to retrieve their depositional history as well as their potential reservoir properties.     

新疆克拉玛依油田三叠系克下组冲积扇内部构型*

应用研究区丰富的密井网和邻近露头资料,探讨了新疆克拉玛依油田三叠系克下组冲积扇内部构型单元的层次划分系统,并建立相应的沉积构型模式。在冲积扇的扇根、扇中和扇缘各亚相带,进一步划分了3个级次的构型要素以表达其内的沉积复杂性。扇根亚相主要由主槽、片流带和漫洪带组成,其中,在主槽内主要发育槽流砾石（岩）体（可细分为砾石坝和流沟）与泥石流沉积,在片流带内主要发育片流砂砾体（可细分为砾石坝和流沟）,在漫洪带主要发育漫洪砂体和漫洪细粒沉积,总体构型样式以广泛分布的砾石坝夹含流沟和漫洪沉积的“泛连通体”为特征;扇中亚相主要由辫流带和漫流带组成,其中,辫流带的主体构型要素为辫流水道（可细分为砂坝和沟道）,总体构型样式为复合宽带状辫流水道砂体与漫流细粒沉积侧向相间、垂向互层为特征;扇缘亚相主要由径流带和漫流带组成,其中,径流带的主体构型要素为径流水道,总体构型样式以窄带状径流水道和漫流砂体镶嵌于漫流—湿地泥岩之中为特征。     

我国石油进口海陆统筹战略研究

我国是世界上第二大石油消费国和进口国,石油进口安全问题不容忽视。从我国石油的供需状况出发,分析研究了我国石油进口的空间格局和运输线路,指出了中存在的问题：来源上过于依赖中东地区,线路上过于依赖海上运输和马六甲通道。本文提出了加快建设中缅油气管道、兴建中巴原油管道、扩容中哈和中俄原油管道、加快东海和南海油田的开发4 点建议,旨在改善我国石油进口的安全形势,打造我国的东北、西北、西南陆上和海上四大油气进口通道的战略格局,使石油运输渠道多元化,实现石油进口的海陆统筹。     

The management performance of marine protected areas in the North-east Atlantic Ocean

In the North-east Atlantic Ocean there are 550 inshore and offshore MPAs established to accomplish a high diversity of objectives, which can be classified into 24 different types of MPA designations. Only 153 of these MPAs have a management plan (MgP) --the basic tool required for an effective management. Amongst these, only 66 are actually managed, i.e. they have the staff and resources required to operate the plan. A common characteristic of these MPAs is the lack of standardized indicators of their performance. In order to address this issue, an alternative approach was developed based on the assessment of management performance using the expert knowledge and perceptions of managers operating MPAs, a universal source of information that could allow overcoming the usual gaps due to the restrictions in coverage of scientific monitoring and assessments. MgPs showed differences among countries but were homogeneous within each country, reflecting the usual top-down approach in the establishment of MPAs. Compliance with the qualitative objectives present in MgPs was higher than compliance with quantitative ones (87% versus 50%), and the MPAs that most successfully achieved their objectives were those with regular monitoring. This analysis also shows that beyond these objectives, the establishment of an MPA and the activities developed as a consequence of its creation have a positive socio-economic impact on the local human community.     

A dynamic economic equilibrium model for the economic assessment of the fishery stock-rebuilding policies

The paper develops and analyses a dynamic general equilibrium model with heterogeneous agents that can be used for assessment of the economic consequences of fish stock-rebuilding policies within the EU. In the model, entry and exit processes for individual plants (vessels) are endogenous, as well as output, employment and wages. This model is applied to a fishery of the Mediterranean Sea. The results provide both individual and aggregate data that can help managers in understanding the economic consequences of rebuilding strategies. In particular, this study shows that, for the application presented, all aggregate results improve if the stock rebuilding strategy is followed, while individual results depend on the indicator selected.     

浅析建筑形态美中构成因素——形、光、色

阐述了建筑形、光、色与建筑形态美的关系。     

基于GIS技术的公路选线多方案综合评价

提出了基于ＧＩＳ技术的公路选线多方案综合评价的方法,包括应用ＧＩＳ技术提取公路选线方案的评价指标信息,应用层次分析方法实现公路选线多因素的综合分析及多方案综合比选。实例验证了该方法的有效性。     

Assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural sources in order to plan for needs of low carbon economy at local level in Poland

Agriculture is often not included in the baseline greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventories created for local low carbon economy plans in Poland and other European countries. We therefore estimate the size of the carbon footprint from agricultural sources and indicate the share of agriculture in the total GHG emissions in selected Polish communes (LAU level 2). We propose a solution whereby local government units can estimate their carbon footprint independently and monitor the impact of actions taken to reduce emissions. The value of the carbon footprint from agriculture in the selected communes varies from .5 to 46.5 thousand Mg CO₂eq/year, with a mean value of 12.6 thousand Mg CO₂eq/year and a standard deviation of 11.4 thousand Mg CO₂eq/year. Per capita, these values range from 10 kg CO₂eq/year to 8.4 Mg CO₂eq/year, with a mean of 1.1 Mg CO₂eq/year and a standard deviation of 1.5 Mg CO₂eq/year. In all communes, the contribution of agriculture to total emissions is at an average of 14% (values range from .2 to 57.4%). The obtained results confirm the appropriateness of including emissions from the agricultural sector and other related sources in low carbon economy plans.