定角圆锥扫描式机载激光测深系统定位模型与精度评价

从定角圆锥扫描式机载激光测深系统激光测距仪内部结构出发,推导了棱镜、大气、海水中激光光线方向矢量方程,结合GPS/INS定位定姿系统,推导出激光脚点在成图坐标系中的定位模型。充分考虑对机载激光测深系统定位精度产生影响的各个因素,通过误差传播定律给出了圆锥扫描式机载激光测深系统的综合精度评价模型。参照国际上应用广泛的相关仪器系统参数、指标,对机载激光测深系统的定位精度进行实际计算,并对定位模型中涉及的主要误差源进行分析和讨论。     

架空输电线路机载激光雷达点云电力线三维重建

电力线三维重建是机载激光雷达(LiDAR)电力巡线的一项重要任务之一。本文提出了一种基于架空输电线走廊机载LiDAR点云的电力线三维重建方法。首先,基于电塔LiDAR点和初始线路轨迹数据提取精确的电塔位置、电塔数量、线路轨迹、总档数等信息;然后,将线路分档,并确定每一档的二维空间范围和相应的电力线LiDAR点云;接着,分别对每一档的电力线LiDAR点云进行中心化投影,并利用k-means聚类将每一个电力线LiDAR点划分到相应的根;最后,利用直线和抛物线相结合的模型进行单档单根电力导线三维重建。两景试验表明,本文方法可以实现自动、高精度、正确的重建长距离架空输电线走廊电力线三维模型,重建过程中具有对电力线数目、空间配置结构、类型、粗差点、档距长度、点云不规则断裂等因素不敏感的优势。     

南极冰盖DEM机载测高验证与分析——以西南极Thwaites冰川为例

利用冰桥计划(IceBridge)在西南极Thwaites冰川的机载激光测高数据,对ICESat卫星测高数据和目前国际常用的4种南极DEM,包括Bamber 1km DEM、ICESat DEM、RAMPv2DEM和JLB97DEM的精度进行了验证和分析。结果表明,ICESat卫星测高数据和ICESat DEM有着较高的高程可靠性,其与冰桥计划机载测高数据的平均高程差小于5m,标准差小于15m。Bamber 1km DEM高程可靠性相比ICESat卫星测高数据和ICESat DEM低一些。JLB97DEM、RAMPv2DEM与冰桥计划机载测高数据之间的标准差超过30m,尤其在坡度较大的区域,高程可靠性低。     

一种综合机载LiDAR与高分辨率航空影像的铁路轨道提取方法

高分辨率航空遥感数据中铁路轨道线性特征明显,可以直接用于铁路轨道的精细提取。首先根据铁路路基光谱、局域地形等特征,基于机载LiDAR数据建立一种面向对象的铁路区域提取算法;进一步通过数学形态学处理消除干扰因素的影响,选取适当的影像波段进行掩模提取图像中的铁路区域,采用基于高斯平滑和微分几何的线性地物提取算法初步提取铁路轨道线。在噪声消除、线段连接的基础上建立轨道平行线算法模型,从而实现轨道信息的准确提取。实验结果证明上述方法的有效性,轨道提取精度达到94.6%以上。     

特征空间聚类的电力线激光雷达点云分割方法

针对现有电力线激光雷达点云分割方法中存在的问题,该文提出了一种采用特征空间K-means聚类的单档电力线激光雷达点云分割方法:利用电力线LiDAR点云的水平坐标信息进行直线拟合,并对LiDAR点沿直线方向进行分段;将每一段LiDAR点云投影到相应的电力线切平面(该平面垂直于拟合直线);最后使用K-means聚类方法进行投影点的聚类,且相邻的段和段之间通过投影中心点进行类别的传递和规则化。实验表明,该方法可以较好地进行单档电力线LiDAR点云分割,且对电力线根数、电力线类型、电力线空间配置结构、档距长度、点云不规则断裂等因素不敏感。     

张量投票的机载LiDAR数据建筑物自动提取

针对机载LiDAR目标提取中建筑物与树木难以有效区分的问题,该文提出了一种基于坡度自适应穿透率和张量投票的建筑物检测方法。在利用滤波和高差阈值去除地面点和矮小地物点的基础上,采用坡度自适应穿透率作为区分建筑物和植被的主要特征,较好地突出了建筑物点和树木点在空间分布上的密度差异;设计基于张量投票的投票算法,对坡度自适应穿透率特征进行邻域投票,以促进相邻点之间特征信息的传递,增强了该特征对于植被和建筑物的可分性。采用ISPRS提供的测试数据进行实验,结果表明,该方法能有效地区分建筑物和树木点,提取的建筑物完整度达94.6%,准确度达98.3%。     

Thermal‐infrared remote sensing of surface water–groundwater exchanges in a restored anastomosing channel (Upper Rhine River,France)

Ecohydrological processes are a key element to consider in functional river restorations. In the framework of a LIFE+ European restoration program, we have investigated the potential for airborne thermal‐infrared remote sensing to map surface water–groundwater exchanges and to identify their driving factors. We focused our attention on anastomosing channels on an artificial island of the Upper Rhine River (Rohrschollen), where a new channel was excavated from the floodplain to reconnect an older channel in its upstream part. These hydraulic engineering works led to an increased inflow from the Rhine Canal. Here, we propose an original data treatment chain to (a) georeference the thermal‐infrared images in geographic information system based on visible images, (b) detect and correct data errors, and (c) identify and locate thermal anomalies attributed to groundwater inputs and hyporheic upwellings. Our results, which have been compared to morpho‐sedimentary data, show that groundwater upwelling in the new channel is controlled by riffle–pool sequences and bars. This channel is characterized by large bedload transport and morphodynamic activity, forming riffles and bars. In the old channel, where riffle–pool sequences no longer exist, due to impacts of engineering works and insufficient morphodynamic effects of the restoration, thermal anomalies appeared to be less pronounced. Groundwater inputs seem to be controlled by former gravel bars outcropping on the banks, as well as by local thinning of the low‐permeability clogging layer on the channel bed.     

含尘大气近地层流底层流动特性及其摩阻系数

采用双向耦合的双流体模型,研究了大气悬浮沙尘的存在对大气边界层中层流底层流动特性及摩阻系数的影响,计算并讨论了不同沙尘含量下含尘大气相对于无尘大气摩阻系数的变化。结果表明:摩阻系数的变化取决于悬浮沙尘的初始运动状态和质量载荷率     

Multi‐scale assessment of overflow‐driven lateral connectivity in floodplain and backwater channels using LiDAR imagery

Overflow‐driven lateral connectivity significantly influences the spatial distribution and diversity of floodplain habitats and biota. Proper understanding of lateral connectivity in floodplain and backwater channels is therefore critical for assessment of river quality and for targeting management or restoration actions. In this study, we present a methodological framework for spatial and temporal assessments of overflow‐driven lateral connectivity at two spatial scales: bypass reach and backwater channel. Firstly, we compute the relative elevations, as well as overflow discharge, duration, and frequency using a simple, raster‐based method that uses a LiDAR digital elevation model (DEM), rating curves, and streamflow time series. Subsequently, we analyse the accuracy of this approach with respect to the accuracy of a DEM and evaluate its further applications. Altogether, four 10‐km‐long bypass reaches and 11 backwater channels are analysed, located along the Rhône River corridor in France. The results proved the precision of the method to be affected by the LiDAR DEM accuracy, which was on average more precise in a typically homogeneous floodplain setting rather than for backwater channel plugs with pronounced topographic complexity and usually riparian forest canopy. Amongst the four studied reaches, Brégnier Cordon proved to have the greatest flooding dynamics, followed by Belley and Chautagne. The hydrological connectivity pattern of Pierre Bénite differed significantly. Three longitudinal patterns of hydrological connectivity of backwater channels displayed stepwise advancement of the water. The presented results can be used to assess ecological potential of floodplain habitats and their historic and prospective evolution through time. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.