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A geoid solution for airborne gravity data

Airborne gravity data is usually attached with satellite positioning of data points, which allow for the direct determination of the gravity disturbance at flight level. Assuming a suitable gridding of such data, Hotine’s modified integral formula can be combined with an Earth Gravity Model for the computation of the disturbing potential (T) at flight level. Based on T and the gravity disturbance data, we directly downward continue T to the geoid, and we present the final solution for the geoid height, including topographic corrections. It can be proved that the Taylor expansion of T converges if the flight level is at least twice the height of the topography, and the terrain potential will not contribute to the topographic correction. Hence, the simple topographic bias of the Bouguer shell yields the only topographic correction. Some numerical results demonstrate the technique used for downward continuation and topographic correction.     

Water surface mapping from airborne laser scanning using signal intensity and elevation data

In recent years airborne laser scanning (ALS) evolved into a state‐of‐the‐art technology for topographic data acquisition. We present a novel, automatic method for water surface classification and delineation by combining the geometrical and signal intensity information provided by ALS. The reflection characteristics of water surfaces in the near‐infrared wavelength (1064 nm) of the ALS system along with the surface roughness information provide the basis for the differentiation between water and land areas. Water areas are characterized by a high number of laser shot dropouts and predominant low backscatter energy. In a preprocessing step, the recorded intensities are corrected for spherical loss and atmospheric attenuation, and the locations of laser shot dropouts are modeled. A seeded region growing segmentation, applied to the point cloud and the modeled dropouts, is used to detect potential water regions. Object‐based classification of the resulting segments determines the final separation of water and non‐water points. The water‐land‐boundary is defined by the central contour line of the transition zone between water and land points. We demonstrate that the proposed workflow succeeds for a regulated river (Inn, Austria) with smooth water surface as well as for a pro‐glacial braided river (Hintereisfernerbach, Austria). A multi‐temporal analysis over five years of the pro‐glacial river channel emphasizes the applicability of the developed method for different ALS systems and acquisition settings (e.g. point density). The validation, based on real time kinematic (RTK) global positioning system (GPS) field survey and a terrestrial orthophoto, indicate point cloud classification accuracy above 97% with 0·45 m planimetric accuracy (root mean square error) of the water–land boundary. This article shows the capability of ALS data for water surface mapping with a high degree of automation and accuracy. This provides valuable datasets for a number of applications in geomorphology, hydrology and hydraulics, such as monitoring of braided rivers, flood modeling and mapping. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

时间域航空电磁2.5维非线性共轭梯度反演

对于时间域航空电磁法二维和三维反演来说,最大的困难在于有效的算法和大的计算量需求.本文利用非线性共轭梯度法实现了时间域航空电磁法2.5维反演方法,着重解决了迭代反演过程中灵敏度矩阵计算、最佳迭代步长计算、初始模型选取等问题.在正演计算中,我们采用有限元法求解拉式傅氏域中的电磁场偏微分方程,再通过逆拉氏和逆傅氏变换高精度数值算法得到时间域电磁响应.在灵敏度矩阵计算中,采用了基于拉式傅氏双变换的伴随方程法,时间消耗只需计算两次正演,从而节约了大量计算时间.对于最佳步长计算,二次插值向后追踪法能够保证反演迭代的稳定性.设计两个理论模型,检验反演算法的有效性,并讨论了选择不同初始模型对反演结果的影响.模型算例表明:非线性共轭梯度方法应用于时间域航空电磁2.5维反演中稳定可靠,反演结果能够有效地反映地下真实电性结构.当选择的初始模型电阻率值与真实背景电阻率值接近时,能得到较好的反演结果,当初始模型电阻率远大于或远小于真实背景电阻率值时反演效果就会变差.     

时间域航空电磁法激电效应对电磁扩散的影响

由于激发极化效应的影响,时间域航空电磁晚期道信号经常会出现变号现象.基于电阻率的传统反演方法无法对变号数据进行正确反演,因此通常在数据处理中予以剔除.为深入了解极化介质的电磁扩散特征,认识航空瞬变电磁负响应的产生机理,本文研究时间域航空电磁系统的电磁扩散特征.我们以均匀极化、非极化半空间及层状介质模型为例,通过直接积分的方法求解频率域电场响应,并由欧姆定律得到电流响应,再经过汉克尔变换得到时间域电流响应.通过研究电流随时间在地下极化介质中的传播特征研究电磁扩散过程;通过对比不同激电参数对电磁扩散的影响,研究极化介质中感应电流与极化电流的扩散规律,从而合理地解释极化介质中负响应的产生机理.基于本文研究和分析结果,可加深对时间域航空电磁法中激电效应的认识.     

航空重力测量技术及其应用

近十几年来,航空重力测量技术的研究和应用日趋活跃,业已成为地球重力场研究中最为热门的领域之一。本文介绍了国外航空重力测量技术及其应用情况,概述了我国首套航空重力测量系统CHAGS的试验、作业和应用现状,对航空重力测量发展趋势作了展望。     

机载三线阵CCD影像自检校光束法区域网平差

将基于附加参数的自检校光束法区域网平差技术应用于机载三线阵CCD传感器ADS40影像的几何定位处理,分析了机载三线阵CCD传感器成像的误差特性,建立了相适有效的自检校附加参数模型,以及3种形式的外方位元素变化模型和自检校光束法区域网平差模型。实验结果表明,自检校光束法区域网平差能够有效补偿ADS40影像存在的系统误差,显著提高定位精度。     

机载航空遥感飞行管理系统实现的研究

飞行任务管理系统是航空遥感的重要组成部分。根据低空数字航空摄影测量规范,结合飞行设计文件和飞行记录文件的相关资料,进行对比,从而实现飞行质量的评估和检查。本文着重介绍系统的主要功能和实现方法。     

机载LiDAR系统及其在水利中的应用

机载LiDAR系统是一种主动式的对地观测系统,主要由中心控制单元、POS系统、激光扫描测距系统和数码相机组成。可以精确、快速地获取地面3维数据以及与其匹配的影像数据,从而生成高精度的4D产品。文中论述了LiDAR工作原理,介绍了机载LiDAR系统的组成,LiDAR数据的处理流程。最后,探讨了机载LiDAR系统在水利行业中的应用。     

利用GPS和数字滤波技术确定航空重力测量中的垂直加速度

航空重力测量数据主要含有两类扰动加速度,一是可用解析式表示的有规则影响,如厄特弗斯改正,另一类是与载体非规则运动有关的非规则影响,主要指垂直扰动加速度.通常有规则影响能精确求出,困难在于精确确定非规则的垂直加速度.目前常用GPS和数字滤波技术相结合来确定垂直加速度.本文概述了这种方法的基本原理,讨论了航空重力测量中有限冲激响应(FIR)低通滤波器设计参数的确定,并设计了实用的FIR低通滤波器,实测数据计算结果表明,利用该滤波器确定垂直加速度的精度为±1×10-5～2×10-5 m/s2.