德国的海洋科学调查研究与标准计量

通过2003年参加德国"太阳号"远洋科学考察活动,了解了"太阳号"科考船科学的综合质量管理方法,分析了标准和计量在德国海洋科学调查研究中的作用。     

基于多源信息融合的路堤沉降预测方法

准确预测路堤沉降对于规避风险和减小成本至关重要。传统的仅基于场地勘察数据的路堤沉降预测方法的预测值常偏离监测值。提出了基于贝叶斯理论的多源信息融合方法进行路堤沉降预测,采用有限元法模拟多层土体的固结沉降,并结合高效的马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛模拟法更新土体参数得到高维后验分布。以新南威尔士州的Ballina地区试验路堤数据为例说明了所提方法的有效性。结果表明,基于贝叶斯理论的多源信息融合方法可以有效融合勘察和监测数据,通过多源数据融合能够较准确地预测路堤沉降。对于Ballina路堤,总体上随着监测数据量的增加,路堤沉降预测预测精度逐渐提高。使用0～116 d监测数据可以准确地预测地表沉降;基于0～496 d监测数据可同时准确预测所有监测点的沉降。对于Ballina路堤,先验信息对沉降预测具有一定影响,但观测误差对预测准度影响微弱。     

轨道及千年尺度上大气CO2浓度与温度变化的时序关系

大气CO2浓度与温度变化的时序关系是第四纪古气候研究的基本问题之一,对于理解目前人类所面临的气候变化问题具有参考价值。两极地区的冰芯既保存了气候变化的信号,也是大气CO2浓度的良好记录载体,为研究大气CO2浓度与温度变化的时序关系提供了重要线索。利用冰芯来重建过去的气候和大气CO2浓度的变化历史最早始于格陵兰地区,但是重建结果的时间跨度较短,目前最长的记录还未能跨越末次间冰期;而且,格陵兰冰芯内沉积了大量的碳酸盐粉尘,它们会与冰芯气泡内的酸发生化学反应生成额外的CO2,从而导致格陵兰冰芯重建的气泡CO2浓度偏差较大,不能真实地反映当时的大气CO2水平。南极冰芯是目前关于大气CO2浓度与温度变化时序关系研究的主要载体,利用大量的冰芯记录建立的冰层年代标尺已经较为精确,但是由于冰芯气泡的锁定深度较难得到精确的估算,使得重建的大气CO2浓度的年代标尺还存在较大的不确定性,这是二者之间的时序关系问题难以解决的最主要因素。此外,随着大量高质量古气候记录的不断积累,更大空间范围(不再局限于南极地区)内的温度变化与大气CO2浓度的时序关系研究在近年来得以开展,但其分析结果受数据处理方法的影响较大,还需要进行更多的对比探索。     

江苏页岩气资源调查地球物理方法技术集成

为了提高综合地球物理方法在页岩气勘探中的应用效果,基于江苏页岩气资源调查与评价工作资料,在页岩气资源早期调查评价阶段进行地球物理方法技术集成,目标是建立一套能够适应江苏以往资料积累状况和复杂构造条件下的有效勘探技术组合,以达到识别不同时期的海相、海陆过渡相、陆相页岩层位的目的。结果表明,通过勘探网络的优化、勘探手段的优选和物性参数的分析,以及先进勘探手段和处理方法的引入,对江苏下扬子区4套页岩地层分别提出了有效的技术组合,大幅降低了调查成本,进一步提高了解释精度和识别能力。     

安徽基础地质调查成果集成与信息化建设

基础地质调查工作的信息化集成、管理和应用,为矿产资源勘查、重大工程建设、国土空间开发、城市规划等提供了重要的数据保障。近年来,受产业变革及需求多元化的影响,地质数据应急服务、定制服务、在线服务等需求快速增长。在分析国内外地质信息化建设现状的基础上,基于大数据、云计算等新兴技术,探索了安徽基础地质调查成果集成与信息化建设的方向,建立了基于云架构的地质大数据分布式管理、应用与服务框架;以1〖DK〗∶5万基础地质调查数据集成为例,实现了基础地质调查数据的管理与应用、空间数据和属性数据及文档资料的关联查询、地质信息与地形信息的融合等,讨论了未来地质数据的信息化集成、管理、共享与服务模式     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

Electrical Calibration for Calvet Type Microcalorimetry

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Vertical Integration in American Manufacturing: Evidence for the 1980s

Many scholars have argued that the ownership of sequential stages in goods production fragmented in the 1980s, although few scholars have produced concrete evidence substantiating vertical disintegration. In this study, two measures are used to estimate vertical integration in U.S. manufacturing sectors in 1977 and 1987. Total vertical integration is the proportion of all shipments in a manufacturing sector dispatched by establishments to all other establishments belonging to the same companies. Manufacturing vertical integration estimates the proportion of manufacturing shipments that firms internalize. Both measures are calculated for aggregate manufacturing and all two-digit manufacturing sectors. Manufacturing vertical integration is also calculated for 79 four-digit producer goods sectors. Results show that the level of vertical integration in aggregate manufacturing was modest in 1977 and that a small decline occurred in the following decade. Individual manufacturing sectors underwent both vertical integration and disintegration in the period. The findings cast doubt on the claim in the flexible specialization thesis that ownership in production chains generally splintered in the 1980s.     

Fractal pattern integration for mineral potential estimation

Concepts of fractal/multifractal dimensions and fractal measure were used to derive the prior and posterior probabilities that a small unit cell on a geological map contains one or more mineral deposits. This has led to a new version of the weights of evidence technique which is proposed for integrating spatial datasets that exhibit nonfractal and fractal patterns to predict mineral potential. The method is demonstrated with a case study of gold mineral potential estimation in the Iskut River area, northwestern British Columbia. Several geological, geophysical, and geochemical patterns (Paleozoic-Mesozoic sedimentary and volcanic clastic rocks; buffer zones around the contacts between sedimentary rocks and Mesozoic intrusive rocks; a linear magnetic anomaly; and geochemical anomalies for Au and associated elements in stream sediments) were integrated with the gold mineral occurrences which have fractal and multifractal properties with a box-counting dimension of 1.335±0.077 and cluster dimension of 1.219±0.037.