水源保护区农业发展模式研究——以昆明市松华坝水源二、三级保护区为例

昆明市政府对松华坝水源保护区实施了"全面禁牧、禁渔业、禁花限菜、限制规模化养殖"等环境保护政策,加强了对城市水源地的保护力度,然而政策的实施将对水源地经济的发展有一定的限制作用,因此在政策限制的情况下进行水源地农业发展模式的研究,将充分考虑水源保护区政策、资源、市场、技术、农户意愿五大因素,采用实地调查、对比分析法、投入产出比等方法,提出了核桃林未成林间种洋芋模式,成林后林下种植金银花的连续发展模式和"以有机野生菌为精品,无公害金针菇种植为主"市场差异化发展的模式。     

Human and Environmental Factors Affect Patterns of Crop Diversity in an Ethiopian Highland Agroecosystem

The Ethiopian highlands are a center of diversity for numerous globally important crops. Heterogeneous landscapes, traditional agricultural practices, and inaccessibility have created and maintained diverse subsistence agroecosystems. We surveyed sixty-three farms in twelve communities of the Gamo highlands and found high levels of on-farm diversity of crop species and varieties. The extent and nature of this diversity are related to both ecological factors, namely elevation, and anthropogenic factors such as land-use history, accessibility to markets and extension, and strength and scale of farmer exchange networks. These human landscape features have the potential to both enhance and mediate effects of elevation and other environmental factors on crop diversity. The interaction of environmental and anthropogenic forces on the diversity of crops grown by farmers affects the strategies farmers employ to adapt their farming to changing conditions.     

Restructuring of Hog Farming in North Carolina: Explosion and Implosion

Over the past six years hog farming in North Carolina has undergone a significant restructuring. For most of this century raising hogs was a casual farm activity found throughout the state. During the past decade hog farming has been transformed along industrial-corporate lines. In the process, the swine population has expanded rapidly (exploded) and simultaneously collapsed in geographical bounds (imploded). This paper examines the linkage between the development of the industrial-corporate hog farming regime, the rapid growth in hog populations, and the geographical concentration of hog production in a newly emerging high-density hog production district in the south central area of the Coastal Plain region.     

粒子群神经网络混合模型在农用地分等中的应用

针对常规农用地分等模型因子权重计算存在人为干扰和神经网络模型自身优化过程中易陷入局部最优的情况,该文综合了BP神经网络非线性权重数据挖掘特性和粒子群的全局优化能力,建立了农用地分等计算的粒子群神经网络混合模型(PSO-BP网络模型),并应用于广东省揭西县农用地分等计算中,发现PSO-BP网络模型能避免定级因子权重确定的人为干扰,同时具有较高的优化效率,应用效果较好。     

改革开放以来中国农业政策效果的时空计量分析

Since reform and opening up, how much contribution has China’s implementation of new agricultural policy made to agricultural output? This paper is trying to establish an agricultural policy output econometric model for doing a quantitative analysis of China’s new agricultural policy. The results show that China’s agricultural policies on agricultural output have an average contribution rate of about 7% since 1978, which is consistent with the OECD’s basic forecast. There are obvious temporal and spatial differences. Generally speaking, we can divide the contribution of agricultural policy into three periods, which are the start-up phase from 1978 to 1991 (14 years), the stationary phase from 1992 to 2002 (11 years) and the rising phase from 2003 to 2008 (6 years). In space, the contribution of agricultural policy underwent a process from the all-low in the start-up phase, the gradual increase in the stationary phase to the all-high in the rising phase. Northern and western regions are more sensitive to policies. There are three major factors that can affect the contribution of regional agricultural policies, which are the process of national industrialization strategy, terrain and the level of local finance.     

科尔沁沙地2000-2008年农业生产技术效率研究——以通辽市各旗县为例

 基于数据包络分析方法对通辽市各旗县2000—2008年农业生产技术效率进行综合评价。结果表明:①通辽市农业生产技术效率整体上较低,但呈逐年上升的趋势。②通辽市各旗县农业生产技术效率的时空差异明显,霍林郭勒和开鲁县的农业生产技术效率表现为先降低后上升;库伦旗和科尔沁左翼中旗农业生产技术效率表现为持续上升;科尔沁左翼后旗、扎鲁特旗和奈曼旗的农业生产技术效率表现为随时间呈现一定波动性;各旗县中奈曼旗年均效率最高。③通辽市农业生产技术效率主要受投入冗余影响,各旗县均存在降水冗余,反映出当地农业生产投入的盲目性。降水的波动性和不确定性导致灌溉用水、耕地面积投入过多,进而影响了各旗县农业生产技术效率。不同旗县在不同年份的投入冗余有所差异,显示农民应对降水变动的措施也具有一定盲目性。建议针对气候的不确定性对农业生产的干扰展开研究,改进农业生产技术。     

清代东蒙农业开发的消长及其气候变化背景

利用档案史料、建置沿革史研究成果等提取信息,建立历史代用指标序列,对清代（1644～1911）内蒙古东部地区农业开发的时空进程进行描述,结合当地农业气候资源条件（温度、降水）及清代气候变化（温度）探讨其中的气候因素。结果显示：（1）清代东蒙农业开发集中在现代年均≥10℃积温2500℃、降水量400mm以上区域之内;（2...     

中国西北地区石羊河流域农业生态系统能值评价

通过能值方法分析了石羊河流域农业生态系统的资源环境基础和经济特征。结果表明,石羊河流域中下游凉州区和民勤绿洲的能值总投入呈降低趋势,能值投资率都偏高,生产成本较大;能值产出率低,对购买能值的利用效率不高;但能值自给率有所提高;环境载荷率高,农业生态环境所受压力较大,系统可持续发展指标表明两个绿洲经济系统极为不发达,属于消费型经济系统,并且人均可用能值和能值密度都呈降低趋势。     

农业景观保护路径历史回顾及启示

农业景观保护是实现农业景观可持续发展的重要举措,关系到中国粮食安全保障、农耕文明传承、乡村风貌维系、生态安全格局构建乃至社会经济稳定发展.本文借助对发达国家农业景观保护路径的长时间尺度历史回顾,总结归纳出农业景观保护路径发展的一般规律,即其在社会经济发展进程中一般经历传统保护、应对保护、管制保护、治理保护和管护保护五个...     

Cover crops and precipitation influence soluble reactive phosphorus losses via tile drain discharge in an agricultural watershed

Subsurface tile drainage speeds water removal from agricultural fields that are historically prone to flooding. While managed drainage systems improve crop yields, they can also contribute tothe eutrophication of downstream ecosystems, as tile-drained systems are conduits for nutrients to adjacent waterways. The changing climate of the Midwestern US has already altered precipitation regimes which will likely continue into the future, with unknown effects on tile drain water and nutrient loss to waterways. Adding vegetative cover (i.e., as winter cover crops) is one approach that can retain water and nutrients on fields to minimize export via tile drains. In the current study, we evaluate the effect of cover crops on tile drain discharge and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) loads using bi-monthly measurements from 43 unique tile outlets draining fields with or without cover crops in two watersheds in northern Indiana. Using four water years of data (n = 844 measurements), we examined the role of short-term antecedent precipitation conditions and variation in soil biogeochemistry in mediating the effect of cover crops on tile drain flow and SRP loads. We observed significant effects of cover crops on both tile drain discharge and SRP loads, but these results were season and watershed specific. Cover crop effects were identified only in spring, where their presence reduced tile drain discharge in both watersheds and SRP loads in one watershed. Varying effects on SRP loads between watersheds were attributed to different soil biogeochemical characteristics, where soils with lower bioavailable P and higher P sorption capacity were less likely to have a cover crop effect. Antecedent precipitation was important in spring, and cover crop differences were still evident during periods of wet and dry antecedent precipitation conditions. Overall, we show that cover crops have the potential to significantly decrease spring tile drain P export, and these effects are resilient to a wide range of precipitation conditions.