Parabolic Wave Propagation Modelling in Orthogonal Coordinate Systems

This paper presents a numerical model study of the propagation of water waves using the parabolic approximation of the mild-slope equation in the orthogonal coordinate system. Two types of coordinate systems are studied: (a) a general form of orthogonal coordinate system and (b) the conformal system, a special form of orthogonal coordinate system. Two typical examples, namely, expanded breakwaters and a circular channel, are studied to validate the model. First, the examples are studied by use of the general orthogonal coordinates. Then the same examples are computed by use of the confonnal system. The computational results show that the confonnal coordinate system generally gives better predictions than the general orthogonal system. A numerical technique for generating the conformal grid is combined with the numerical model to improve the practicability of the model. The comparison between the result from the numerical grid system and that from the analytical grid system shows that reliable computational results can be obtained by use of the numerical confonnal grid system.     

SOFTWARE REVIEWS

Software Reviews are in this Article CCS Designer Version 3.0. CoStat Version 3.03; CoPlot Version 1.03, and CoDraw Version 1.03. LASERCAD Version 5.0. 1988. SPSS/PC + Studentware. 1988. SURVEY SYSTEM 1.1C , Version 3.0. THEMAPS Version 1.0.     

Banach空间中非扩张映像的强收敛性

在实光滑和一致凸Banach空间中通过引入广义度量投影,证明了一个关于非扩张映像的修正Mann迭代序列的强收敛性定理。目的是利用广义度量投影来修改Nakajo与Takahashi的迭代方案,并将Nakajo与Taka—hashi文中所对应的主要结果由Hilbert空间推广到实光滑和一致凸Banach空间。     

Geospatial data mining for digital raster mapping

We performed an in-depth literature survey to identify the most popular data mining approaches that have been applied for raster mapping of ecological parameters through the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remotely sensed data. Popular data mining approaches included decision trees or “data mining” trees which consist of regression and classification trees, random forests, neural networks, and support vector machines. The advantages of each data mining approach as well as approaches to avoid overfitting are subsequently discussed. We also provide suggestions and examples for the mapping of problematic variables or classes, future or historical projections, and avoidance of model bias. Finally, we address the separate issues of parallel processing, error mapping, and incorporation of “no data” values into modeling processes. Given the improved availability of digital spatial products and remote sensing products, data mining approaches combined with parallel processing potentials should greatly improve the quality and extent of ecological datasets.     

面向高分卫星遥感共性产品真实性检验的无人机空港布局

针对高分卫星遥感共性产品真实性检验对无人机数据的需求,本文以已有野外台站为依托,开展无人机空港布局研究。首先,综合考虑影响卫星产品空间变异的因素,构建了地理背景覆盖率的物理模型;其次,基于地理背景覆盖率改进覆盖模型提出最大地理背景覆盖模型,并利用简单随机抽样中的样本容量确定方法确定合理的空港数量,分别利用本文提出的最大地理背景覆盖模型和已有最大面积覆盖模型进行空港布局的研究;最后,对两种模型下的空港布局结果进行对比,并利用MODIS EVI数据产品对布局结果进行验证。结果表明,在空港数有限的条件下（n = 60）,最大面积覆盖模型选择的空港,其服务范围内的地理背景覆盖率为26.66%,能代表70.37%的中国陆地区域,而最大地理背景覆盖模型选择的空港,其服务范围内的地理背景覆盖率为38.32%,能代表73.36%的中国陆地区域。最大地理背景覆盖模型比最大面积覆盖模型能获得更优的空港布局结果,可用于支撑中国区域面向高分卫星遥感共性产品真实性检验的无人机观测网络建设。     

面向大区域遥感专题制图的自动化策略

如何消除相邻影像间的信息冗余是实现大区域遥感自动化制图的关键。本文提出了一种基于约束接缝线的区域分块自动化制图方法,首先采用全球通用墨卡托投影-UTM投影的网格带将研究区分为若干小区域;然后,针对每个UTM投影带内的遥感影像,采用影像镶嵌的原理和湖泊边界约束条件计算其接缝线网络,以确定每景遥感数据制图范围;最后,根据其制图范围生成对应的无冗余专题信息,减少计算量和相邻影像重复信息的编辑时间。本文以亚洲中部干旱区为例开展湖泊制图试验,结果证明该方法能够生成顾及湖泊的有效制图范围,提高了遥感大区域制图的效率。     

The California Electric Power Crisis: Lessons for Other States

Distinguishing forested wetland from dry forest using aerial photographs is handicapped because photographs often do not reveal the presence of water below tree canopies. Radar images obtained by the Seasat satellite reveal forested wetland as highly reflective patterns on the coastal plain between Maryland and Florida. Seasat radar images may complement aerial photographs for compiling maps of wetland. A test with experienced photointerpreters revealed that interpretation accuracy was significantly higher when using Seasat radar images than when using only conventional sources.     

Colour infrared aerial photography as a tool for vegetation mapping and change detection in environmental studies of Nordic ecosystems: A review

The aim of the paper is to sum up knowledge of colour infrared (CIR) aerial photography as a tool for vegetation data for mapping and monitoring in environmental and biodiversity surveys and change detection surveillance. It compiles thirty years of research of the main ecosystems in Swedish vegetation, where the overall goal was to develop methods for mapping and monitoring vegetation by use of CIR aerial photographs, assess the accuracy compared to field-based mapping and to implement them as a tool in nature conservation and environmental planning. The methods include development of a classification system, identification and analysis of indicators, development of interpretation techniques, and evaluation compared to the data collected in the field. The CIR observable criteria are colour, texture, pattern, size, form, and density, based on spectral reflectance, physiognomy, life forms, ecological conditions, moisture and nutrition, vegetation period and phenology, topography, site conditions, and management methods. The methods have been used to produce vegetation maps of mountains, boreal forests, and mires in northern and central Sweden, in national inventories of wetlands, ancient meadows and pastures, key biotopes in forests and for monitoring agricultural landscapes.     

地震勘探测量数据的快速处理和管理

目前山区地震测量施工主要的困难体现在山区放样难、内业数据处理复杂、测量成果无法进行异常检查等方面,其严重影响后续资料处理和解释质量。针对以上难点,利用AUTOCAD为平台,开发了一套物探测量数据处理系统。该系统具有展点、点内插、绘制测线剖面图、管理测点信息、打印成果报表等功能,实现了地震勘探测量数据的快速处理及有效检核．提高了野外测量放样的施工效率和数据的准确度。另外其图层管理及系统辅助功能,还可为地震勘探施工设计提供参考。     

Quantification of Spatial and Thematic Uncertainty in the Application of Underwater Video for Benthic Habitat Mapping

This study presents an analysis of the application of underwater video data collected for training and validating benthic habitat distribution models. Specifically, we quantify the two major sources of error pertaining to collection of this type of reference data. A theoretical spatial error budget is developed for a positioning system used to co-register video frames to their corresponding locations at the seafloor. Second, we compare interpretation variability among trained operators assessing the same video frames between times over three hierarchical levels of a benthic classification scheme. Propagated error in the positioning system described was found to be highly correlated with depth of operation and varies from 1.5m near the surface to 5.7m in 100m of water. In order of decreasing classification hierarchy, mean overall observer agreement was found to be 98% (range 6%), 82% (range 12%) and 75% (range 17%) for the 2, 4, and 6 class levels of the scheme, respectively. Patterns in between-observer variation are related to the level of detail imposed by each hierarchical level of the classification scheme, the feature of interest, and to the amount of observer experience.