高速公路平面控制测量中投影问题的分析

高速公路平面控制测量需要将控制点纳入国家高斯平面坐标系,由此不可避免地出现距离长度变形,并导致平面控制测量投影面与施工高程面分离。通过分析长度变形产生的原因、国家统一坐标系的局限性以及长度变形对路线测设误差的影响,提出了减小长度变形对高速公路施工精度影响的方法。     

地图矢量数据处理研究

本文以1:250万中华人民共和国大型挂图的制作研究中的数据格式转换为实例,重点讨论全数字制图环境下多源海量数据的提取和格式转换等问题,为数字地图新产品的开发提供了数据基础。根据制图基础数据的特点确定了把源数据Coverage层转化为CorelD raw能接收的DXF格式的数据转换方法,详细讨论了利用Arc/Info进行矢量数据的转换、投影变换的过程,包括数据合并、投影变换、数据提取、点状要素处理、拓扑关系的建立、比例尺控制、图层套和、数据输出等处理。     

城市三维地质动态演示多通道投影技术

上海三维城市地质调查取得的海量数据和大量科研成果,借助计算机信息处理技术,通过多通道投影系统,实现了环屏幕高分辨率的大场景平面演示和虚拟三维立体投影之间的无缝切换,采用被动立体投影技术动态展示了上海三维城市地质调查成果,为成果的社会转化与信息共享提供了展示平台。     

Impure marbles from the UHP Brossasco-Isasca Unit (Dora-Maira Massif, western Alps): evidence for Alpine equilibration in the diamond stability field and evaluation of the X(CO2) fluid evolution

Two impure ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) marbles, a calcite marble with the peak assemblage Grt + Phe + Cpx + Rt + (Arg) and a dolomite marble with the peak assemblage Crn + Chl + Rt + Dol (±Arg), from the same lens from the polymetamorphic complex of the Brossasco-Isasca Unit (BIU) (southern Dora-Maira Massif) have been petrologically investigated and modelled by calculating P – T phase-diagram projections for H₂O–CO₂ mixed-volatile systems. Thermobarometric data obtained from the calcite marble suggest Alpine peak conditions in the diamond stability field (4.0 GPa at 730 °C), and allow reconstruction of the earlier portion of the Alpine retrograde P – T path, which is characterized by a significant decompression coupled with a moderate and continuous cooling to 650 °C at 2.50 GPa. The modelled fluid compositions at peak conditions point to 0.025 ≤  X (CO₂) ≤ 0.10 and X (CO₂) ≤ 0.0012 in the calcite marble and dolomite marble, respectively, suggesting fluid heterogeneity at the local scale and an internally buffered fluid evolution of the studied impure marbles. The lack of micro-diamond in the BIU marbles is explained by the very-low X (CO₂) values, which favoured relatively high f O₂-conditions, preventing the formation of diamond at the UHP peak metamorphic conditions.     

投影寻踪动态聚类方法及其在四川省生态环境质量评价中的应用

首次依据动态聚类思想，建立了投影寻踪动态聚类模型。并将方法用于四川省生态环境质量综合评价中。与投影寻踪聚类方法相比，投影寻踪动态聚类方法不但可以作出环境质量的综合评价，而且消除了投影寻踪聚类方法中密度窗宽确定的人为因素，把寻优过程和聚类结果有机结合起来，为生态环境质量综合评价的研究开创了一条新途径。     

Future Changes of Drought and Flood Events in China under a Global Warming Scenario

This study investigates the impact of global warming on drought/flood patterns in China at the end of the 21st century based on the simulations of 22 global climate models and a regional climate model(RegCM3) under the SRES(Special Report on Emissions Scenarios) A1B scenario.The standardized precipitation index(SPI),which has well performance in monitoring the drought/flood characteristics(in terms of their intensity,duration,and spatial extent) in China,is used in this study.The projected results of 22 coupled models and the RegCM3 simulation are consistent.These models project a decrease in the frequency of droughts in most parts of northern China and a slight increase in the frequency in some parts of southern China.Considering China as a whole,the spatial extents of droughts are projected to be significantly reduced.In contrast,future flood events over most parts of China are projected to occur more frequently with stronger intensity and longer duration than those prevalent currently.Additionally,the spatial extents of flood events are projected to significantly increase.     

CMIP6-WACCM模式对北半球反气旋型Rossby波破碎趋势的预估

利用CMIP6中的CESM2-WACCM模式逐日资料，预估未来2020—2099年SSP2-4.5、SSP3-7.0和SSP5-8.5三种不同排放情景下北半球对流层顶附近反气旋型Rossby波破碎（Anticyclonic Rossby Wave Breaking， AWB）的空间分布、发生频率、水平尺度、对称结构及其长期趋势。总体而言，未来四个季节AWB都在北太平洋和北大西洋有高频区。夏季北太平洋高频区发生频数显著多于北大西洋高频区，其他三季相反。两高频区在三种不同情景下，AWB物质经向输送通常以对称输送为主，但北太平洋区内冬、春、秋三季在SSP2-4.5情景下AWB物质向极净输送，北大西洋区内夏季在SSP2-4.5和SSP5-8.5情景下AWB物质向赤道净输送。未来的长期趋势显示，两高频区内各季节的AWB发生频数、水平尺度和物质向极输送主要呈减小（减少）趋势，且温室气体排放量越大，减小趋势越显著。在SSP5-8.5情景下，北太平洋夏季AWB总面积变化趋势为-365.5个1°×1°标准经纬度网格/10 a，该变化由区域内AWB平均尺度减小（-2.7个标准化网格/10 a）和发生频率减少（-1.9个/10 a）共同导致；该区域的向极输送率变化率为-0.016 5/10 a。北大西洋秋季AWB发生频数变化率为-2.3个/10 a，导致其总面积则以-440.4个标准化网格/10 a的速度减小。     

Numerical performance of projection methods in finite element consolidation models

Projection, or conjugate gradient like, methods are becoming increasingly popular for the efficient solution of large sparse sets of unsymmetric indefinite equations arising from the numerical integration of (initial) boundary value problems. One such problem is soil consolidation coupling a flow and a structural model, typically solved by finite elements (FE) in space and a marching scheme in time (e.g. the Crank–Nicolson scheme). The attraction of a projection method stems from a number of factors, including the ease of implementation, the requirement of limited core memory and the low computational cost if a cheap and effective matrix preconditioner is available. In the present paper, biconjugate gradient stabilized (Bi‐ CGSTAB) is used to solve FE consolidation equations in 2‐D and 3‐D settings with variable time integration steps. Three different nodal orderings are selected along with the preconditioner ILUT based on incomplete triangular factorization and variable fill‐in. The overall cost of the solver is made up of the preconditioning cost plus the cost to converge which is in turn related to the number of iterations and the elementary operations required by each iteration. The results show that nodal ordering affects the perfor mance of Bi‐CGSTAB. For normally conditioned consolidation problems Bi‐CGSTAB with the best ILUT preconditioner may converge in a number of iterations up to two order of magnitude smaller than the size of the FE model and proves an accurate, cost‐effective and robust alternative to direct methods. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于地理标记照片的城市旅游意象空间分异研究

城市旅游感知意象与投射意象的匹配程度是城市旅游形象建设与宣传效果的重要评价,景观尺度下旅游感知与投射意象的空间分异特征可以有效评估游客对城市旅游意象的感知偏差,以此把握旅游者的旅游动机与景观偏好,更好地提升旅游地形象建设。本研究以五大世界著名旅游城市为例,以Flickr网站的地理标记照片数据和政府旅游网站宣传的旅游信息为数据源,利用ArcGIS空间分析技术分析城市旅游感知意象与投射意象的要素构成和空间分异特征。结果表明,城市旅游感知与投射意象的差异既体现在要素构成的偏差上,也体现在空间分布特征的差异方面。除东京旅游感知与投射意象要素结构基本一致以外,其他城市均存在一定程度的偏差。局部空间聚集异常值可视化了五大城市旅游感知意象与投射意象的空间分布偏差,相比城市旅游投射意象的空间集聚,城市旅游感知意象的范围更为离散。同时,双变量空间自相关指数分析结果验证了五大城市旅游感知意象与投射意象均呈显著的空间正相关,但是相关程度和依赖度并不高,说明了从感知与投射视角进行旅游意象空间特征分析的重要性,应以需求为导向进行城市旅游景观规划与宣传。结合地理标记照片数据的空间分析方法为城市旅游感知意象与投射意象的空间分异研究提供了普适性的方法,以服务于城市可持续发展和旅游形象建设。