基于GIS的城市空间扩展预测

高速的城市扩展给社会发展带来了无比的活力。但是,也带来了一系列影响社会经济可持续发展的问题。因此,建立城市扩展预测模型对城市空间扩展预测有着实际的意义。本文主要是根据射线预测法的相关理论,使用Map Basic编程和Map Info软件进行相关操作,对济南市进行城市空间扩展预测并对预测进行分析,验证射线预测法的准确性。     

X射线衍射技术应用于宝石鉴定-合成及晶体结构研究进展

因宝石检测常附带无损要求、宝石评价具科学性和不确定性等特点,X射线衍射(XRD)在宝石学这门矿物学的分支学科中的应用具有特殊性,其应用领域主要集中在三个方面。①宝石鉴定领域:对单晶宝石和多晶宝石进行物相鉴定、宝石产地特征研究以及宝石矿物多型的种类划分等。例如根据XRD图谱,可将品种繁多的微晶石英隐晶质变种玉髓中不同的SiO₂质矿物相精确区分;通过黏土矿物成分及其含量可将鸡血石中"地"的种类进行划分。②宝石矿物的晶体结构研究:对成分复杂的单晶宝石进行晶体化学分析、获取矿物类质同象替代情况、利用结晶度划分宝石品质。例如晶格参数中的c/a比值可将绿柱石的Al八面体类质同象替代和Be四面体类质同象替代进行区分;软玉中通过XRD数据计算出的结晶度与软玉的品质关系密切。③宝石学研究技术的开发:对宝石的优化处理过程进行监测,在宝石合成过程中检验矿物晶形大小、结晶质量及内应力等,以有机宝石的晶体结构为基础的人工养殖技术研究。例如尖晶石在热处理过程中,Mg离子由四面体中的T位迁移至八面体中的M位,导致M-O和T-O键长随温度变化,并反映在尖晶石的色调中;在托帕石合成过程中,XRD数据显示770~800℃时形成含氟托帕石(与天然托帕石结构相同),而在950℃和1000℃出现含氟托帕石离解成刚玉和莫来石。目前,我国在宝石学的XRD应用方面起步较晚,国外在宝石鉴定、优化与合成方面的应用相对成熟。本文认为,该技术与扫描电镜、质子探针等分析技术的联用仍有很大发展空间。     

月球典型撞击坑溅射物研究及对月球地质编图的意义

撞击坑是月表最典型的地质单元,其溅射物作为撞击坑的坑外组成部分可分布到距离坑中心10个直径距离之外的区域,因此撞击溅射物也是月球地质编图中最重要的表达要素之一。本文使用月球勘测轨道器(LRO)的激光高度计(LOLA)数据、广角相机(WAC)影像、窄角相机(NAC)影像以及Clementine的UVVIS多光谱数据,研究了哥白尼纪正面月海区直径31km的Kepler撞击坑和背面月陆区直径30km的Necho撞击坑。哥白尼纪撞击坑溅射沉积物可以分为三个相:连续溅射沉积相(CE)、不连续溅射沉积相(DE)和辐射纹(CR)。连续溅射沉积相分布在最大约2.6个半径范围之内,不连续溅射沉积相分布在最大近11个半径范围之内,辐射纹分布在最大近29个半径范围之内。本文强调了多源数据结合在识别撞击坑溅射沉积物中的作用,对Kepler坑和Necho坑溅射沉积物进行了填图,不对称分布的特征表明这两个坑可能形成于倾斜撞击。     

Copper Speciation in a Collection of Geochemical Reference Materials Using Sequential Extraction and Evaluation of the Validity Using XANES Spectroscopy

Copper speciation in a collection of Japanese geochemical reference materials (JSO‐1, JLk‐1, JSd‐1, ‐2, ‐3 and ‐4, JMs‐1 and JMs‐2) was achieved by sequential extraction and characterised using X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure spectroscopy. In the first step of the extraction, referred to as the acid fraction, between 1% and 20% total Cu within the reference materials was extracted. Such a result is typically accounted for by absorption of Cu onto clay minerals. However, the presence of Cu sulfate (an oxidation product of chalcopyrite) was observed in some of the stream sediments affected by mining activity (JSd‐2 and JSd‐3) instead. Copper was extracted in the reducible fraction (targeting Fe hydroxide and Mn oxide) (2–49% total Cu). Between 2% and 51% Cu was extracted in the oxidised fraction (targeting sulfides and organic matter). X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure spectroscopy clarified that the reducible fraction consisted of Cu bound to Fe hydroxide, whereas the oxidised fraction was a mixture of Cu bound to humic acid (HA) and Cu sulfide. In the oxidisable fraction, chalcopyrite was the predominant species identified in JSd‐2, and Cu bound to HA was the major species identified in JSO‐1 (a soil sample).     

Identification of Uranyl Minerals Using Oxygen K‐Edge X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Although most of the world's uranium exists as pitchblende or uraninite, this mineral can be weathered to a great variety of secondary uranium minerals, most containing the uranyl cation. Anthropogenic uranium compounds can also react in the environment, leading to spatial–chemical alterations that could be useful for nuclear forensics analyses. Soft X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has the advantages of being non‐destructive, element‐specific and sensitive to electronic and physical structure. The soft X‐ray probe can also be focused to a spot size on the order of tens of nanometres, providing chemical information with high spatial resolution. However, before XAS can be applied at high spatial resolution, it is necessary to find spectroscopic signatures for a variety of uranium compounds in the soft X‐ray spectral region. To that end, we collected the near edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra of a variety of common uranyl‐bearing minerals, including uranyl carbonates, oxyhydroxides, phosphates and silicates. We find that uranyl compounds can be distinguished by class (carbonate, oxyhydroxide, phosphate or silicate) based on their oxygen K‐edge absorption spectra. This work establishes a database of reference spectra for future spatially resolved analyses. We proceed to show scanning X‐ray transmission microscopy (STXM) data from a schoepite particle in the presence of an unknown contaminant.     

Influence of prey abundance and abiotic factors on the long-term home-range and movement dynamics of spotted grunter Pomadasys commersonnii in an intermittently open estuary

Long-term home-range and movement dynamics of spotted grunter Pomadasys commersonnii and the distribution of their dominant prey, the sandprawn Callichirus kraussi, were investigated in the intermittently open East Kleinemonde Estuary, South Africa. In addition, the effects of fish length, diel cycle, season and other abiotic factors on home range and area use were examined. Nine adult spotted grunter (326–489?mm total length) were tagged with acoustic transmitters, and their movements were studied by manual tracking on six consecutive days and nights during each of five tracking sessions from March to November 2004. In addition, movement patterns were recorded by stationary data-logging receivers. Kernel home ranges (95% utilised distribution) varied in size (mean: 76 797?m²?, range: 26 296–165 321?m²), but were all located in the lower one-third of the 3.6 km-long estuary. There was no effect of season, the diel cycle or fish length on the home-range estimates. However, the distribution of prey corresponded with the home-range distribution of tagged fish. Although sandprawn distribution was highly variable within and among transects and depth classes, sandprawns were most abundant in the lower region of the estuary, which corresponded to the home-range distribution of spotted grunter. Spatial distribution of prey appears to be a dominant factor influencing home-range parameters of this species within an intermittently open estuary.     

广西近海灾害地质因素及声学反射特征

利用高分辨率地球物理资料及相关历史资料,对北部湾北部的广西近海灾害地质因素进行了地质地球物理解译,识别出海底沙波、海底沙脊、塌陷洼地、冲刷沟槽、浅层气、残积砂体、地层间断、埋藏丘、埋藏古河道等多种灾害地质因素.根据它们出现的频率、规模及声学特征可知:浅层气和埋藏古河道是广西近海最为发育的灾害地质因素,其对海洋工程的施工与建设有较大的危害性.     

TTI介质拟声波方程数值模拟

TTI介质qP波数值模拟方法因为考虑了倾角因素,可以比VTI介质qP波数值模拟方法更加准确地描述各向异性介质中地震波场的传播规律。文中用拟声波方程对TTI介质中的地震波场进行了高阶有限差分数值模拟,在改进衰减函数分布方式后,通过坐标变换,利用改进的完全匹配层(perfectly matched layer,PML)边界控制方程对波场边界进行吸收处理,取得了良好的效果;然后分析了拟声波方程数值模拟中的稳定性问题,并对波场中的伪横波进行压制。通过对不同模型的数值模拟,验证了文中使用的TTI介质拟声波波动方程的稳定性以及所采用的PML边界控制方程的可靠性和适用性。     

Kelvin-Voigt黏弹性介质井孔声场有限差分数值模拟与波形特征

岩石介质具有黏滞性,黏弹性介质模型相对于弹性介质模型更为接近岩石介质的真实情况。根据Kelvin-Voigt黏弹性单元体模型本构关系,推导了柱坐标系下各向同性黏弹性介质时间域交错网格有限差分方程,进行了黏弹性介质井孔声场的数值模拟。模拟结果表明：品质因子和声源中心频率对黏弹性介质中的井内外声场均有影响：井外声场和井内声场的衰减均随品质因子的增大而减小,井外声波和井内反射波振幅随之增大;井外声场的衰减随声源中心频率的增大而减小,井外声波振幅随之增大,井内声场的衰减随声源中心频率的增大而增大,井内反射波振幅随之减小。     

岩石蠕变声发射特性研究现状与展望

蠕变是岩石一种重要的力学特性,与工程的长期安全稳定和安全密切相关。声发射技术作为一种无损检测手段,被广泛应用于岩石变形破坏研究领域。本文阐述了近年来基于声发射技术开展岩石蠕变特性方面的研究进展,主要包括不同岩性、加载方式、应力水平下岩石蠕变声发射特性,岩石蠕变破坏声发射前兆特征。在此基础上,提出了几点今后需要进一步深入研究的问题。